# botorch.models¶

## Model APIs¶

### Base Model API¶

Abstract base module for all BoTorch models.

This module contains Model, the abstract base class for all BoTorch models, and ModelList, a container for a list of Models.

class botorch.models.model.Model[source]

Bases: Module, ABC

Abstract base class for BoTorch models.

The Model base class cannot be used directly; it only defines an API for other BoTorch models.

Model subclasses torch.nn.Module. While a Module is most typically encountered as a representation of a neural network layer, it can be used more generally: see documentation on custom NN Modules.

Module provides several pieces of useful functionality: A Model’s attributes of Tensor or Module type are automatically registered so they can be moved and/or cast with the to method, automatically differentiated, and used with CUDA.

Parameters:
• _has_transformed_inputs – A boolean denoting whether train_inputs are currently stored as transformed or not.

• _original_train_inputs – A Tensor storing the original train inputs for use in _revert_to_original_inputs. Note that this is necessary since transform / untransform cycle introduces numerical errors which lead to upstream errors during training.

Initializes internal Module state, shared by both nn.Module and ScriptModule.

abstract posterior(X, output_indices=None, observation_noise=False, posterior_transform=None, **kwargs)[source]

Computes the posterior over model outputs at the provided points.

Note: The input transforms should be applied here using

self.transform_inputs(X) after the self.eval() call and before any model.forward or model.likelihood calls.

Parameters:
• X (Tensor) – A b x q x d-dim Tensor, where d is the dimension of the feature space, q is the number of points considered jointly, and b is the batch dimension.

• output_indices (Optional[List[int]]) – A list of indices, corresponding to the outputs over which to compute the posterior (if the model is multi-output). Can be used to speed up computation if only a subset of the model’s outputs are required for optimization. If omitted, computes the posterior over all model outputs.

• observation_noise (bool) – If True, add observation noise to the posterior.

• posterior_transform (Optional[Callable[[Posterior], Posterior]]) – An optional PosteriorTransform.

• kwargs (Any) –

Returns:

A Posterior object, representing a batch of b joint distributions over q points and m outputs each.

Return type:

Posterior

property batch_shape: Size

The batch shape of the model.

This is a batch shape from an I/O perspective, independent of the internal representation of the model (as e.g. in BatchedMultiOutputGPyTorchModel). For a model with m outputs, a test_batch_shape x q x d-shaped input X to the posterior method returns a Posterior object over an output of shape broadcast(test_batch_shape, model.batch_shape) x q x m.

property num_outputs: int

The number of outputs of the model.

subset_output(idcs)[source]

Subset the model along the output dimension.

Parameters:

idcs (List[int]) – The output indices to subset the model to.

Returns:

A Model object of the same type and with the same parameters as the current model, subset to the specified output indices.

Return type:

Model

condition_on_observations(X, Y, **kwargs)[source]

Condition the model on new observations.

Parameters:
• X (Tensor) – A batch_shape x n’ x d-dim Tensor, where d is the dimension of the feature space, n’ is the number of points per batch, and batch_shape is the batch shape (must be compatible with the batch shape of the model).

• Y (Tensor) – A batch_shape’ x n’ x m-dim Tensor, where m is the number of model outputs, n’ is the number of points per batch, and batch_shape’ is the batch shape of the observations. batch_shape’ must be broadcastable to batch_shape using standard broadcasting semantics. If Y has fewer batch dimensions than X, it is assumed that the missing batch dimensions are the same for all Y.

• kwargs (Any) –

Returns:

A Model object of the same type, representing the original model conditioned on the new observations (X, Y) (and possibly noise observations passed in via kwargs).

Return type:

Model

classmethod construct_inputs(training_data, **kwargs)[source]

Construct Model keyword arguments from a dict of BotorchDataset.

Parameters:
Return type:

Dict[str, Any]

transform_inputs(X, input_transform=None)[source]

Transform inputs.

Parameters:
• X (Tensor) – A tensor of inputs

• input_transform (Optional[Module]) – A Module that performs the input transformation.

Returns:

A tensor of transformed inputs

Return type:

Tensor

eval()[source]

Puts the model in eval mode and sets the transformed inputs.

Return type:

Model

train(mode=True)[source]

Put the model in train mode. Reverts to the original inputs if in train mode (mode=True) or sets transformed inputs if in eval mode (mode=False).

Parameters:

mode (bool) – A boolean denoting whether to put in train or eval mode. If False, model is put in eval mode.

Return type:

Model

class botorch.models.model.FantasizeMixin[source]

Bases: ABC

Mixin to add a fantasize method to a Model.

Example

class BaseModel:

def __init__(self, …): def condition_on_observations(self, …): def posterior(self, …): def transform_inputs(self, …):

class ModelThatCanFantasize(BaseModel, FantasizeMixin):
def __init__(self, args):

super().__init__(args)

model = ModelThatCanFantasize(…) model.fantasize(X)

abstract condition_on_observations(X, Y, **kwargs)[source]

Classes that inherit from FantasizeMixin must implement a condition_on_observations method.

Parameters:
• self (TFantasizeMixin) –

• X (Tensor) –

• Y (Tensor) –

• kwargs (Any) –

Return type:

TFantasizeMixin

abstract posterior(X, *args, observation_noise=False, **kwargs)[source]

Classes that inherit from FantasizeMixin must implement a posterior method.

Parameters:
• X (Tensor) –

• observation_noise (bool) –

• kwargs (Any) –

Return type:

Posterior

abstract transform_inputs(X, input_transform=None)[source]

Classes that inherit from FantasizeMixin must implement a transform_inputs method.

Parameters:
• X (Tensor) –

• input_transform (Optional[Module]) –

Return type:

Tensor

fantasize(X, sampler, observation_noise=True, **kwargs)[source]

Construct a fantasy model.

Constructs a fantasy model in the following fashion: (1) compute the model posterior at X (including observation noise if observation_noise=True). (2) sample from this posterior (using sampler) to generate “fake” observations. (3) condition the model on the new fake observations.

Parameters:
• X (Tensor) – A batch_shape x n’ x d-dim Tensor, where d is the dimension of the feature space, n’ is the number of points per batch, and batch_shape is the batch shape (must be compatible with the batch shape of the model).

• sampler (MCSampler) – The sampler used for sampling from the posterior at X.

• observation_noise (bool) – If True, include observation noise.

• kwargs (Any) – Will be passed to model.condition_on_observations

• self (TFantasizeMixin) –

Returns:

The constructed fantasy model.

Return type:

TFantasizeMixin

class botorch.models.model.ModelList(*models)[source]

Bases: Model

A multi-output Model represented by a list of independent models.

All BoTorch models are acceptable as inputs. The cost of this flexibility is that ModelList does not support all methods that may be implemented by its component models. One use case for ModelList is combining a regression model and a deterministic model in one multi-output container model, e.g. for cost-aware or multi-objective optimization where one of the outcomes is a deterministic function of the inputs.

Parameters:

*models (Model) – A variable number of models.

Example

>>> m_1 = SingleTaskGP(train_X, train_Y)
>>> m_2 = GenericDeterministicModel(lambda x: x.sum(dim=-1))
>>> m_12 = ModelList(m_1, m_2)
>>> m_12.predict(test_X)

posterior(X, output_indices=None, observation_noise=False, posterior_transform=None, **kwargs)[source]

Computes the posterior over model outputs at the provided points.

Note: The input transforms should be applied here using

self.transform_inputs(X) after the self.eval() call and before any model.forward or model.likelihood calls.

Parameters:
• X (Tensor) – A b x q x d-dim Tensor, where d is the dimension of the feature space, q is the number of points considered jointly, and b is the batch dimension.

• output_indices (Optional[List[int]]) – A list of indices, corresponding to the outputs over which to compute the posterior (if the model is multi-output). Can be used to speed up computation if only a subset of the model’s outputs are required for optimization. If omitted, computes the posterior over all model outputs.

• observation_noise (bool) – If True, add observation noise to the posterior.

• posterior_transform (Optional[Callable[[Posterior], Posterior]]) – An optional PosteriorTransform.

• kwargs (Any) –

Returns:

A Posterior object, representing a batch of b joint distributions over q points and m outputs each.

Return type:

Posterior

property batch_shape: Size

The batch shape of the model.

This is a batch shape from an I/O perspective, independent of the internal representation of the model (as e.g. in BatchedMultiOutputGPyTorchModel). For a model with m outputs, a test_batch_shape x q x d-shaped input X to the posterior method returns a Posterior object over an output of shape broadcast(test_batch_shape, model.batch_shape) x q x m.

property num_outputs: int

The number of outputs of the model.

Equal to the sum of the number of outputs of the individual models in the ModelList.

subset_output(idcs)[source]

Subset the model along the output dimension.

Parameters:

idcs (List[int]) – The output indices to subset the model to. Relative to the overall number of outputs of the model.

Returns:

A Model (either a ModelList or one of the submodels) with the outputs subset to the indices in idcs.

Return type:

Model

Internally, this drops (if single-output) or subsets (if multi-output) the constitutent models and returns them as a ModelList. If the result is a single (possibly subset) model from the list, returns this model (instead of forming a degenerate singe-model ModelList). For instance, if m = ModelList(m1, m2) with m1 a two-output model and m2 a single-output model, then m.subset_output([1])  will return the model m1 subset to its second output.

transform_inputs(X)[source]

Individually transform the inputs for each model.

Parameters:

X (Tensor) – A tensor of inputs.

Returns:

A list of tensors of transformed inputs.

Return type:

List[Tensor]

Parameters:
• state_dict (Mapping[str, Any]) –

• strict (bool) –

Return type:

None

### GPyTorch Model API¶

Abstract model class for all GPyTorch-based botorch models.

To implement your own, simply inherit from both the provided classes and a GPyTorch Model class such as an ExactGP.

### Deterministic Model API¶

Deterministic Models: Simple wrappers that allow the usage of deterministic mappings via the BoTorch Model and Posterior APIs.

Deterministic models are useful for expressing known input-output relationships within the BoTorch Model API. This is useful e.g. for multi-objective optimization with known objective functions (e.g. the number of parameters of a Neural Network in the context of Neural Architecture Search is usually a known function of the architecture configuration), or to encode cost functions for cost-aware acquisition utilities. Cost-aware optimization is desirable when evaluations have a cost that is heterogeneous, either in the inputs X or in a particular fidelity parameter that directly encodes the fidelity of the observation. GenericDeterministicModel supports arbitrary deterministic functions, while AffineFidelityCostModel is a particular cost model for multi-fidelity optimization. Other use cases of deterministic models include representing approximate GP sample paths, e.g. random Fourier features obtained with get_gp_samples, which allows them to be substituted in acquisition functions or in other places where a Model is expected.

class botorch.models.deterministic.GenericDeterministicModel(f, num_outputs=1)[source]

Bases: DeterministicModel

A generic deterministic model constructed from a callable.

Example

>>> f = lambda x: x.sum(dim=-1, keep_dims=True)
>>> model = GenericDeterministicModel(f)

Parameters:
• f (Callable[[Tensor], Tensor]) – A callable mapping a batch_shape x n x d-dim input tensor X to a batch_shape x n x m-dimensional output tensor (the outcome dimension m must be explicit, even if m=1).

• num_outputs (int) – The number of outputs m.

subset_output(idcs)[source]

Subset the model along the output dimension.

Parameters:

idcs (List[int]) – The output indices to subset the model to.

Returns:

The current model, subset to the specified output indices.

Return type:

GenericDeterministicModel

forward(X)[source]

Compute the (deterministic) model output at X.

Parameters:

X (Tensor) – A batch_shape x n x d-dim input tensor X.

Returns:

A batch_shape x n x m-dimensional output tensor.

Return type:

Tensor

class botorch.models.deterministic.AffineDeterministicModel(a, b=0.01)[source]

Bases: DeterministicModel

An affine deterministic model.

Affine deterministic model from weights and offset terms.

A simple model of the form

y[…, m] = b[m] + sum_{i=1}^d a[i, m] * X[…, i]

Parameters:
• a (Tensor) – A d x m-dim tensor of linear weights, where m is the number of outputs (must be explicit if m=1)

• b (Union[Tensor, float]) – The affine (offset) term. Either a float (for single-output models or if the offset is shared), or a m-dim tensor (with different offset values for for the m different outputs).

subset_output(idcs)[source]

Subset the model along the output dimension.

Parameters:

idcs (List[int]) – The output indices to subset the model to.

Returns:

The current model, subset to the specified output indices.

Return type:

AffineDeterministicModel

forward(X)[source]

Compute the (deterministic) model output at X.

Parameters:

X (Tensor) – A batch_shape x n x d-dim input tensor X.

Returns:

A batch_shape x n x m-dimensional output tensor (the outcome dimension m must be explicit if m=1).

Return type:

Tensor

class botorch.models.deterministic.PosteriorMeanModel(model)[source]

Bases: DeterministicModel

A deterministic model that always returns the posterior mean.

Parameters:

model (Model) – The base model.

forward(X)[source]

Compute the (deterministic) model output at X.

Parameters:

X (Tensor) – A batch_shape x n x d-dim input tensor X.

Returns:

A batch_shape x n x m-dimensional output tensor (the outcome dimension m must be explicit if m=1).

Return type:

Tensor

class botorch.models.deterministic.FixedSingleSampleModel(model, w=None)[source]

Bases: DeterministicModel

A deterministic model defined by a single sample w.

Given a base model f and a fixed sample w, the model always outputs

y = f_mean(x) + f_stddev(x) * w

We assume the outcomes are uncorrelated here.

Parameters:
• model (Model) – The base model.

• w (Optional[Tensor]) – A 1-d tensor with length model.num_outputs. If None, draw it from a standard normal distribution.

forward(X)[source]

Compute the (deterministic) model output at X.

Parameters:

X (Tensor) – A batch_shape x n x d-dim input tensor X.

Returns:

A batch_shape x n x m-dimensional output tensor (the outcome dimension m must be explicit if m=1).

Return type:

Tensor

## Models¶

### Cost Models (for cost-aware optimization)¶

Cost models to be used with multi-fidelity optimization.

Cost are useful for defining known cost functions when the cost of an evaluation is heterogeneous in fidelity. For a full worked example, see the tutorial on continuous multi-fidelity Bayesian Optimization.

class botorch.models.cost.AffineFidelityCostModel(fidelity_weights=None, fixed_cost=0.01)[source]

Bases: DeterministicModel

Deterministic, affine cost model operating on fidelity parameters.

For each (q-batch) element of a candidate set X, this module computes a cost of the form

cost = fixed_cost + sum_j weights[j] * X[fidelity_dims[j]]

For a full worked example, see the tutorial on continuous multi-fidelity Bayesian Optimization.

Example

>>> from botorch.models import AffineFidelityCostModel
>>> from botorch.acquisition.cost_aware import InverseCostWeightedUtility
>>> cost_model = AffineFidelityCostModel(
>>>    fidelity_weights={6: 1.0}, fixed_cost=5.0
>>> )
>>> cost_aware_utility = InverseCostWeightedUtility(cost_model=cost_model)

Parameters:
• fidelity_weights (Optional[Dict[int, float]]) – A dictionary mapping a subset of columns of X (the fidelity parameters) to its associated weight in the affine cost expression. If omitted, assumes that the last column of X is the fidelity parameter with a weight of 1.0.

• fixed_cost (float) – The fixed cost of running a single candidate point (i.e. an element of a q-batch).

forward(X)[source]

Evaluate the cost on a candidate set X.

Computes a cost of the form

cost = fixed_cost + sum_j weights[j] * X[fidelity_dims[j]]

for each element of the q-batch

Parameters:

X (Tensor) – A batch_shape x q x d’-dim tensor of candidate points.

Returns:

A batch_shape x q x 1-dim tensor of costs.

Return type:

Tensor

### GP Regression Models¶

Gaussian Process Regression models based on GPyTorch models.

These models are often a good starting point and are further documented in the tutorials.

SingleTaskGP, FixedNoiseGP, and HeteroskedasticSingleTaskGP are all single-task exact GP models, differing in how they treat noise. They use relatively strong priors on the Kernel hyperparameters, which work best when covariates are normalized to the unit cube and outcomes are standardized (zero mean, unit variance).

These models all work in batch mode (each batch having its own hyperparameters). When the training observations include multiple outputs, these models use batching to model outputs independently.

These models all support multiple outputs. However, as single-task models, SingleTaskGP, FixedNoiseGP, and HeteroskedasticSingleTaskGP should be used only when the outputs are independent and all use the same training data. If outputs are independent and outputs have different training data, use the ModelListGP. When modeling correlations between outputs, use a multi-task model like MultiTaskGP.

class botorch.models.gp_regression.SingleTaskGP(train_X, train_Y, likelihood=None, covar_module=None, mean_module=None, outcome_transform=None, input_transform=None)[source]

Bases: BatchedMultiOutputGPyTorchModel, ExactGP, FantasizeMixin

A single-task exact GP using relatively strong priors on the Kernel hyperparameters, which work best when covariates are normalized to the unit cube and outcomes are standardized (zero mean, unit variance).

This model works in batch mode (each batch having its own hyperparameters). When the training observations include multiple outputs, this model will use batching to model outputs independently.

Use this model when you have independent output(s) and all outputs use the same training data. If outputs are independent and outputs have different training data, use the ModelListGP. When modeling correlations between outputs, use the MultiTaskGP.

Example

>>> train_X = torch.rand(20, 2)
>>> train_Y = torch.sin(train_X).sum(dim=1, keepdim=True)

Parameters:
• train_X (Tensor) – A batch_shape x n x d tensor of training features.

• train_Y (Tensor) – A batch_shape x n x m tensor of training observations.

• likelihood (Optional[Likelihood]) – A likelihood. If omitted, use a standard GaussianLikelihood with inferred noise level.

• covar_module (Optional[Module]) – The module computing the covariance (Kernel) matrix. If omitted, use a MaternKernel.

• mean_module (Optional[Mean]) – The mean function to be used. If omitted, use a ConstantMean.

• outcome_transform (Optional[OutcomeTransform]) – An outcome transform that is applied to the training data during instantiation and to the posterior during inference (that is, the Posterior obtained by calling .posterior on the model will be on the original scale).

• input_transform (Optional[InputTransform]) – An input transform that is applied in the model’s forward pass.

forward(x)[source]

Defines the computation performed at every call.

Should be overridden by all subclasses.

Note

Although the recipe for forward pass needs to be defined within this function, one should call the Module instance afterwards instead of this since the former takes care of running the registered hooks while the latter silently ignores them.

Parameters:

x (Tensor) –

Return type:

MultivariateNormal

class botorch.models.gp_regression.FixedNoiseGP(train_X, train_Y, train_Yvar, covar_module=None, mean_module=None, outcome_transform=None, input_transform=None)[source]

Bases: BatchedMultiOutputGPyTorchModel, ExactGP

A single-task exact GP model using fixed noise levels.

A single-task exact GP that uses fixed observation noise levels, differing from SingleTaskGP only in that noise levels are provided rather than inferred. This model also uses relatively strong priors on the Kernel hyperparameters, which work best when covariates are normalized to the unit cube and outcomes are standardized (zero mean, unit variance).

This model works in batch mode (each batch having its own hyperparameters).

An example of a case in which noise levels are known is online experimentation, where noise can be measured using the variability of different observations from the same arm, or provided by outside software. Another use case is simulation optimization, where the evaluation can provide variance estimates, perhaps from bootstrapping. In any case, these noise levels must be provided to FixedNoiseGP as train_Yvar.

FixedNoiseGP is also commonly used when the observations are known to be noise-free. Noise-free observations can be modeled using arbitrarily small noise values, such as train_Yvar=torch.full_like(train_Y, 1e-6).

FixedNoiseGP cannot predict noise levels out of sample. If this is needed, use HeteroskedasticSingleTaskGP, which will create another model for the observation noise.

Example

>>> train_X = torch.rand(20, 2)
>>> train_Y = torch.sin(train_X).sum(dim=1, keepdim=True)
>>> train_Yvar = torch.full_like(train_Y, 0.2)
>>> model = FixedNoiseGP(train_X, train_Y, train_Yvar)

Parameters:
• train_X (Tensor) – A batch_shape x n x d tensor of training features.

• train_Y (Tensor) – A batch_shape x n x m tensor of training observations.

• train_Yvar (Tensor) – A batch_shape x n x m tensor of observed measurement noise.

• covar_module (Optional[Module]) – The module computing the covariance (Kernel) matrix. If omitted, use a MaternKernel.

• mean_module (Optional[Mean]) – The mean function to be used. If omitted, use a ConstantMean.

• outcome_transform (Optional[OutcomeTransform]) – An outcome transform that is applied to the training data during instantiation and to the posterior during inference (that is, the Posterior obtained by calling .posterior on the model will be on the original scale).

• input_transform (Optional[InputTransform]) – An input transfrom that is applied in the model’s forward pass.

fantasize(X, sampler, observation_noise=True, **kwargs)[source]

Construct a fantasy model.

Constructs a fantasy model in the following fashion: (1) compute the model posterior at X (if observation_noise=True, this includes observation noise taken as the mean across the observation noise in the training data. If observation_noise is a Tensor, use it directly as the observation noise to add). (2) sample from this posterior (using sampler) to generate “fake” observations. (3) condition the model on the new fake observations.

Parameters:
• X (Tensor) – A batch_shape x n’ x d-dim Tensor, where d is the dimension of the feature space, n’ is the number of points per batch, and batch_shape is the batch shape (must be compatible with the batch shape of the model).

• sampler (MCSampler) – The sampler used for sampling from the posterior at X.

• observation_noise (Union[bool, Tensor]) – If True, include the mean across the observation noise in the training data as observation noise in the posterior from which the samples are drawn. If a Tensor, use it directly as the specified measurement noise.

• kwargs (Any) –

Returns:

The constructed fantasy model.

Return type:

FixedNoiseGP

forward(x)[source]

Defines the computation performed at every call.

Should be overridden by all subclasses.

Note

Although the recipe for forward pass needs to be defined within this function, one should call the Module instance afterwards instead of this since the former takes care of running the registered hooks while the latter silently ignores them.

Parameters:

x (Tensor) –

Return type:

MultivariateNormal

subset_output(idcs)[source]

Subset the model along the output dimension.

Parameters:

idcs (List[int]) – The output indices to subset the model to.

Returns:

The current model, subset to the specified output indices.

Return type:

BatchedMultiOutputGPyTorchModel

class botorch.models.gp_regression.HeteroskedasticSingleTaskGP(train_X, train_Y, train_Yvar, outcome_transform=None, input_transform=None)[source]

Bases: BatchedMultiOutputGPyTorchModel, ExactGP

A single-task exact GP model using a heteroskedastic noise model.

This model differs from SingleTaskGP in that noise levels are provided rather than inferred, and differs from FixedNoiseGP in that it can predict noise levels out of sample, because it internally wraps another GP (a SingleTaskGP) to model the observation noise. Noise levels must be provided to HeteroskedasticSingleTaskGP as train_Yvar.

Examples of cases in which noise levels are known include online experimentation and simulation optimization.

Example

>>> train_X = torch.rand(20, 2)
>>> train_Y = torch.sin(train_X).sum(dim=1, keepdim=True)
>>> se = torch.norm(train_X, dim=1, keepdim=True)
>>> train_Yvar = 0.1 + se * torch.rand_like(train_Y)
>>> model = HeteroskedasticSingleTaskGP(train_X, train_Y, train_Yvar)

Parameters:
• train_X (Tensor) – A batch_shape x n x d tensor of training features.

• train_Y (Tensor) – A batch_shape x n x m tensor of training observations.

• train_Yvar (Tensor) – A batch_shape x n x m tensor of observed measurement noise.

• outcome_transform (Optional[OutcomeTransform]) – An outcome transform that is applied to the training data during instantiation and to the posterior during inference (that is, the Posterior obtained by calling .posterior on the model will be on the original scale). Note that the noise model internally log-transforms the variances, which will happen after this transform is applied.

• input_transform (Optional[InputTransform]) – An input transfrom that is applied in the model’s forward pass.

condition_on_observations(*_, **__)[source]

Condition the model on new observations.

Parameters:
• X – A batch_shape x n’ x d-dim Tensor, where d is the dimension of the feature space, m is the number of points per batch, and batch_shape is the batch shape (must be compatible with the batch shape of the model).

• Y – A batch_shape’ x n’ x m-dim Tensor, where m is the number of model outputs, n’ is the number of points per batch, and batch_shape’ is the batch shape of the observations. batch_shape’ must be broadcastable to batch_shape using standard broadcasting semantics. If Y has fewer batch dimensions than X, its is assumed that the missing batch dimensions are the same for all Y.

Returns:

A BatchedMultiOutputGPyTorchModel object of the same type with n + n’ training examples, representing the original model conditioned on the new observations (X, Y) (and possibly noise observations passed in via kwargs).

Return type:

NoReturn

Example

>>> train_X = torch.rand(20, 2)
>>> train_Y = torch.cat(
>>>     [torch.sin(train_X[:, 0]), torch.cos(train_X[:, 1])], -1
>>> )
>>> new_X = torch.rand(5, 2)
>>> new_Y = torch.cat([torch.sin(new_X[:, 0]), torch.cos(new_X[:, 1])], -1)
>>> model = model.condition_on_observations(X=new_X, Y=new_Y)

subset_output(idcs)[source]

Subset the model along the output dimension.

Parameters:

idcs – The output indices to subset the model to.

Returns:

The current model, subset to the specified output indices.

Return type:

NoReturn

forward(x)[source]

Defines the computation performed at every call.

Should be overridden by all subclasses.

Note

Although the recipe for forward pass needs to be defined within this function, one should call the Module instance afterwards instead of this since the former takes care of running the registered hooks while the latter silently ignores them.

Parameters:

x (Tensor) –

Return type:

MultivariateNormal

### Multi-Fidelity GP Regression Models¶

Multi-Fidelity Gaussian Process Regression models based on GPyTorch models.

For more on Multi-Fidelity BO, see the tutorial.

A common use case of multi-fidelity regression modeling is optimizing a “high-fidelity” function that is expensive to simulate when you have access to one or more cheaper “lower-fidelity” versions that are not fully accurate but are correlated with the high-fidelity function. The multi-fidelity model models both the low- and high-fidelity functions together, including the correlation between them, which can help you predict and optimize the high-fidelity function without having to do too many expensive high-fidelity evaluations.

[Wu2019mf] (1,2)

J. Wu, S. Toscano-Palmerin, P. I. Frazier, and A. G. Wilson. Practical multi-fidelity bayesian optimization for hyperparameter tuning. ArXiv 2019.

class botorch.models.gp_regression_fidelity.SingleTaskMultiFidelityGP(train_X, train_Y, iteration_fidelity=None, data_fidelity=None, linear_truncated=True, nu=2.5, likelihood=None, outcome_transform=None, input_transform=None)[source]

Bases: SingleTaskGP

A single task multi-fidelity GP model.

A SingleTaskGP model using a DownsamplingKernel for the data fidelity parameter (if present) and an ExponentialDecayKernel for the iteration fidelity parameter (if present).

This kernel is described in [Wu2019mf].

Example

>>> train_X = torch.rand(20, 4)
>>> train_Y = train_X.pow(2).sum(dim=-1, keepdim=True)
>>> model = SingleTaskMultiFidelityGP(train_X, train_Y, data_fidelity=3)

Parameters:
• train_X (Tensor) – A batch_shape x n x (d + s) tensor of training features, where s is the dimension of the fidelity parameters (either one or two).

• train_Y (Tensor) – A batch_shape x n x m tensor of training observations.

• iteration_fidelity (Optional[int]) – The column index for the training iteration fidelity parameter (optional).

• data_fidelity (Optional[int]) – The column index for the downsampling fidelity parameter (optional).

• linear_truncated (bool) – If True, use a LinearTruncatedFidelityKernel instead of the default kernel.

• nu (float) – The smoothness parameter for the Matern kernel: either 1/2, 3/2, or 5/2. Only used when linear_truncated=True.

• likelihood (Optional[Likelihood]) – A likelihood. If omitted, use a standard GaussianLikelihood with inferred noise level.

• outcome_transform (Optional[OutcomeTransform]) – An outcome transform that is applied to the training data during instantiation and to the posterior during inference (that is, the Posterior obtained by calling .posterior on the model will be on the original scale).

• input_transform (Optional[InputTransform]) – An input transform that is applied in the model’s forward pass.

classmethod construct_inputs(training_data, fidelity_features, **kwargs)[source]

Construct Model keyword arguments from a dict of SupervisedDataset.

Parameters:
• training_data (SupervisedDataset) – Dictionary of SupervisedDataset.

• fidelity_features (List[int]) – Index of fidelity parameter as input columns.

Return type:

Dict[str, Any]

class botorch.models.gp_regression_fidelity.FixedNoiseMultiFidelityGP(train_X, train_Y, train_Yvar, iteration_fidelity=None, data_fidelity=None, linear_truncated=True, nu=2.5, outcome_transform=None, input_transform=None)[source]

Bases: FixedNoiseGP

A single task multi-fidelity GP model using fixed noise levels.

A FixedNoiseGP model analogue to SingleTaskMultiFidelityGP, using a DownsamplingKernel for the data fidelity parameter (if present) and an ExponentialDecayKernel for the iteration fidelity parameter (if present).

This kernel is described in [Wu2019mf].

Example

>>> train_X = torch.rand(20, 4)
>>> train_Y = train_X.pow(2).sum(dim=-1, keepdim=True)
>>> train_Yvar = torch.full_like(train_Y) * 0.01
>>> model = FixedNoiseMultiFidelityGP(
>>>     train_X,
>>>     train_Y,
>>>     train_Yvar,
>>>     data_fidelity=3,
>>> )

Parameters:
• train_X (Tensor) – A batch_shape x n x (d + s) tensor of training features, where s is the dimension of the fidelity parameters (either one or two).

• train_Y (Tensor) – A batch_shape x n x m tensor of training observations.

• train_Yvar (Tensor) – A batch_shape x n x m tensor of observed measurement noise.

• iteration_fidelity (Optional[int]) – The column index for the training iteration fidelity parameter (optional).

• data_fidelity (Optional[int]) – The column index for the downsampling fidelity parameter (optional).

• linear_truncated (bool) – If True, use a LinearTruncatedFidelityKernel instead of the default kernel.

• nu (float) – The smoothness parameter for the Matern kernel: either 1/2, 3/2, or 5/2. Only used when linear_truncated=True.

• outcome_transform (Optional[OutcomeTransform]) – An outcome transform that is applied to the training data during instantiation and to the posterior during inference (that is, the Posterior obtained by calling .posterior on the model will be on the original scale).

• input_transform (Optional[InputTransform]) – An input transform that is applied in the model’s forward pass.

classmethod construct_inputs(training_data, fidelity_features, **kwargs)[source]

Construct Model keyword arguments from a dict of SupervisedDataset.

Parameters:
• training_data (SupervisedDataset) – Dictionary of SupervisedDataset.

• fidelity_features (List[int]) – Column indices of fidelity features.

Return type:

Dict[str, Any]

### GP Regression Models for Mixed Parameter Spaces¶

class botorch.models.gp_regression_mixed.MixedSingleTaskGP(train_X, train_Y, cat_dims, cont_kernel_factory=None, likelihood=None, outcome_transform=None, input_transform=None)[source]

Bases: SingleTaskGP

A single-task exact GP model for mixed search spaces.

This model is similar to SingleTaskGP, but supports mixed search spaces, which combine discrete and continuous features, as well as solely discrete spaces. It uses a kernel that combines a CategoricalKernel (based on Hamming distances) and a regular kernel into a kernel of the form

K((x1, c1), (x2, c2)) =

K_cont_1(x1, x2) + K_cat_1(c1, c2) + K_cont_2(x1, x2) * K_cat_2(c1, c2)

where xi and ci are the continuous and categorical features of the input, respectively. The suffix _i indicates that we fit different lengthscales for the kernels in the sum and product terms.

Since this model does not provide gradients for the categorical features, optimization of the acquisition function will need to be performed in a mixed fashion, i.e., treating the categorical features properly as discrete optimization variables. We recommend using optimize_acqf_mixed.

Example

>>> train_X = torch.cat(
[torch.rand(20, 2), torch.randint(3, (20, 1))], dim=-1)
)
>>> train_Y = (
torch.sin(train_X[..., :-1]).sum(dim=1, keepdim=True)
+ train_X[..., -1:]
)
>>> model = MixedSingleTaskGP(train_X, train_Y, cat_dims=[-1])


A single-task exact GP model supporting categorical parameters.

Parameters:
• train_X (Tensor) – A batch_shape x n x d tensor of training features.

• train_Y (Tensor) – A batch_shape x n x m tensor of training observations.

• cat_dims (List[int]) – A list of indices corresponding to the columns of the input X that should be considered categorical features.

• cont_kernel_factory (Optional[Callable[[int, List[int]], Kernel]]) – A method that accepts ard_num_dims and active_dims arguments and returns an instantiated GPyTorch Kernel object to be used as the ase kernel for the continuous dimensions. If omitted, this model uses a Matern-2.5 kernel as the kernel for the ordinal parameters.

• likelihood (Optional[Likelihood]) – A likelihood. If omitted, use a standard GaussianLikelihood with inferred noise level.

• outcome_transform (Optional[OutcomeTransform]) – An outcome transform that is applied to the training data during instantiation and to the posterior during inference (that is, the Posterior obtained by calling .posterior on the model will be on the original scale).

• input_transform (Optional[InputTransform]) – An input transform that is applied in the model’s forward pass. Only input transforms are allowed which do not transform the categorical dimensions. This can be achieved by using the indices argument when constructing the transform.

classmethod construct_inputs(training_data, categorical_features, likelihood=None, **kwargs)[source]

Construct Model keyword arguments from a dict of BotorchDataset.

Parameters:
• training_data (SupervisedDataset) – A SupervisedDataset containing the training data.

• categorical_features (List[int]) – Column indices of categorical features.

• likelihood (Optional[Likelihood]) – Optional likelihood used to constuct the model.

• kwargs (Any) –

Return type:

Dict[str, Any]

### Model List GP Regression Models¶

Model List GP Regression models.

class botorch.models.model_list_gp_regression.ModelListGP(*gp_models)[source]

Bases: IndependentModelList, ModelListGPyTorchModel, FantasizeMixin

A multi-output GP model with independent GPs for the outputs.

This model supports different-shaped training inputs for each of its sub-models. It can be used with any number of single-output GPyTorchModels and the models can be of different types. Use this model when you have independent outputs with different training data. When modeling correlations between outputs, use MultiTaskGP.

Internally, this model is just a list of individual models, but it implements the same input/output interface as all other BoTorch models. This makes it very flexible and convenient to work with. The sequential evaluation comes at a performance cost though - if you are using a block design (i.e. the same number of training example for each output, and a similar model structure, you should consider using a batched GP model instead, such as SingleTaskGP with batched inputs).

Parameters:

*gp_models (GPyTorchModel) – A number of single-output GPyTorchModels. If models have input/output transforms, these are honored individually for each model.

Example

>>> model1 = SingleTaskGP(train_X1, train_Y1)
>>> model = ModelListGP(model1, model2)

condition_on_observations(X, Y, **kwargs)[source]

Condition the model on new observations.

Parameters:
• X (List[Tensor]) – A m-list of batch_shape x n’ x d-dim Tensors, where d is the dimension of the feature space, n’ is the number of points per batch, and batch_shape is the batch shape (must be compatible with the batch shape of the model).

• Y (Tensor) – A batch_shape’ x n’ x m-dim Tensor, where m is the number of model outputs, n’ is the number of points per batch, and batch_shape’ is the batch shape of the observations. batch_shape’ must be broadcastable to batch_shape using standard broadcasting semantics. If Y has fewer batch dimensions than X, its is assumed that the missing batch dimensions are the same for all Y.

• kwargs (Any) – Keyword arguments passed to IndependentModelList.get_fantasy_model.

Returns:

A ModelListGP representing the original model conditioned on the new observations (X, Y) (and possibly noise observations passed in via kwargs). Here the i-th model has n_i + n’ training examples, where the n’ training examples have been added and all test-time caches have been updated.

Return type:

ModelListGP

subset_output(idcs)[source]

Subset the model along the output dimension.

Parameters:

idcs (List[int]) – The output indices to subset the model to.

Returns:

The current model, subset to the specified output indices.

Return type:

ModelListGP

References

A. Doucet. A Note on Efficient Conditional Simulation of Gaussian Distributions. http://www.stats.ox.ac.uk/~doucet/doucet_simulationconditionalgaussian.pdf, Apr 2010.

W. Maddox, M. Balandat, A. Wilson, and E. Bakshy. Bayesian Optimization with High-Dimensional Outputs. https://arxiv.org/abs/2106.12997, Jun 2021.

Bases: ExactGP, MultiTaskGPyTorchModel, FantasizeMixin

Multi-Task GP model using an ICM kernel, inferring observation noise.

Multi-task exact GP that uses a simple ICM kernel. Can be single-output or multi-output. This model uses relatively strong priors on the base Kernel hyperparameters, which work best when covariates are normalized to the unit cube and outcomes are standardized (zero mean, unit variance).

This model infers the noise level. WARNING: It currently does not support different noise levels for the different tasks. If you have known observation noise, please use FixedNoiseMultiTaskGP instead.

Multi-Task GP model using an ICM kernel, inferring observation noise.

Parameters:
• train_X (Tensor) – A n x (d + 1) or b x n x (d + 1) (batch mode) tensor of training data. One of the columns should contain the task features (see task_feature argument).

• train_Y (Tensor) – A n x 1 or b x n x 1 (batch mode) tensor of training observations.

• output_tasks (Optional[List[int]]) – A list of task indices for which to compute model outputs for. If omitted, return outputs for all task indices.

• rank (Optional[int]) – The rank to be used for the index kernel. If omitted, use a full rank (i.e. number of tasks) kernel.

• task_covar_prior (Optional[Prior]) – A Prior on the task covariance matrix. Must operate on p.s.d. matrices. A common prior for this is the LKJ prior.

• input_transform (Optional[InputTransform]) – An input transform that is applied in the model’s forward pass.

• outcome_transform (Optional[OutcomeTransform]) – An outcome transform that is applied to the training data during instantiation and to the posterior during inference (that is, the Posterior obtained by calling .posterior on the model will be on the original scale).

• covar_module (Optional[Module]) –

Example

>>> X1, X2 = torch.rand(10, 2), torch.rand(20, 2)
>>> i1, i2 = torch.zeros(10, 1), torch.ones(20, 1)
>>> train_X = torch.cat([
>>>     torch.cat([X1, i1], -1), torch.cat([X2, i2], -1),
>>> ])
>>> train_Y = torch.cat(f1(X1), f2(X2)).unsqueeze(-1)

forward(x)[source]

Defines the computation performed at every call.

Should be overridden by all subclasses.

Note

Although the recipe for forward pass needs to be defined within this function, one should call the Module instance afterwards instead of this since the former takes care of running the registered hooks while the latter silently ignores them.

Parameters:

x (Tensor) –

Return type:

MultivariateNormal

Parameters:
• train_X (Tensor) –

Return type:

Tuple[List[int], int, int]

Construct Model keyword arguments from dictionary of SupervisedDataset.

Parameters:
• training_data (Dict[str, SupervisedDataset]) – Dictionary of SupervisedDataset.

• task_feature (int) – Column index of embedded task indicator features. For details, see parse_training_data.

• task_covar_prior (Optional[Prior]) – A GPyTorch Prior object to use as prior on the cross-task covariance matrix,

• prior_config (Optional[dict]) – Configuration for inter-task covariance prior. Should only be used if task_covar_prior is not passed directly. Must contain use_LKJ_prior indicator and should contain float value eta.

• rank (Optional[int]) – The rank of the cross-task covariance matrix.

Return type:

Dict[str, Any]

Bases: MultiTaskGP

Multi-Task GP model using an ICM kernel, with known observation noise.

This is the fixed-noise version of MultiTaskGP -– that is, FixedNoiseMultiTaskGP is to MultiTaskGP as FixedNoiseGP is to SingleTaskGP. It can be single-output or multi-output. This model uses relatively strong priors on the base Kernel hyperparameters, which work best when covariates are normalized to the unit cube and outcomes are standardized (zero mean, unit variance).

This model requires observation noise data (specified in train_Yvar).

Parameters:
• train_X (Tensor) – A n x (d + 1) or b x n x (d + 1) (batch mode) tensor of training data. One of the columns should contain the task features (see task_feature argument).

• train_Y (Tensor) – A n x 1 or b x n x 1 (batch mode) tensor of training observations.

• train_Yvar (Tensor) – A n or b x n (batch mode) tensor of observation noise standard errors.

• task_covar_prior (Optional[Prior]) – A Prior on the task covariance matrix. Must operate on p.s.d. matrices. A common prior for this is the LKJ prior.

• output_tasks (Optional[List[int]]) – A list of task indices for which to compute model outputs for. If omitted, return outputs for all task indices.

• rank (Optional[int]) – The rank to be used for the index kernel. If omitted, use a full rank (i.e. number of tasks) kernel.

• input_transform (Optional[InputTransform]) – An input transform that is applied in the model’s forward pass.

• outcome_transform (Optional[OutcomeTransform]) – An outcome transform that is applied to the training data during instantiation and to the posterior during inference (that is, the Posterior obtained by calling .posterior on the model will be on the original scale).

• covar_module (Optional[Module]) –

Example

>>> X1, X2 = torch.rand(10, 2), torch.rand(20, 2)
>>> i1, i2 = torch.zeros(10, 1), torch.ones(20, 1)
>>> train_X = torch.cat([
>>>     torch.cat([X1, i1], -1), torch.cat([X2, i2], -1),
>>> ], dim=0)
>>> train_Y = torch.cat(f1(X1), f2(X2))
>>> train_Yvar = 0.1 + 0.1 * torch.rand_like(train_Y)
>>> model = FixedNoiseMultiTaskGP(train_X, train_Y, train_Yvar, -1)


Bases: ExactGP, GPyTorchModel, FantasizeMixin

Multi-task GP with Kronecker structure, using an ICM kernel.

This model assumes the “block design” case, i.e., it requires that all tasks are observed at all data points.

For posterior sampling, this model uses Matheron’s rule [Doucet2010sampl] to compute the posterior over all tasks as in [Maddox2021bohdo] by exploiting Kronecker structure.

When a multi-fidelity model has Kronecker structure, this means there is one covariance kernel over the fidelity features (call it K_f) and another over the rest of the input parameters (call it K_i), and the resulting covariance across inputs and fidelities is given by the Kronecker product of the two covariance matrices. This is equivalent to saying the covariance between two input and feature pairs is given by

K((parameter_1, fidelity_1), (parameter_2, fidelity_2))

= K_f(fidelity_1, fidelity_2) * K_i(parameter_1, parameter_2).

Then the covariance matrix of n_i parameters and n_f fidelities can be codified as a Kronecker product of an n_i x n_i matrix and an n_f x n_f matrix, which is far more parsimonious than specifying the whole (n_i * n_f) x (n_i * n_f) covariance matrix.

Example

>>> train_X = torch.rand(10, 2)
>>> train_Y = torch.cat([f_1(X), f_2(X)], dim=-1)

Parameters:
• train_X (Tensor) – A batch_shape x n x d tensor of training features.

• train_Y (Tensor) – A batch_shape x n x m tensor of training observations.

• likelihood (Optional[MultitaskGaussianLikelihood]) – A MultitaskGaussianLikelihood. If omitted, uses a MultitaskGaussianLikelihood with a GammaPrior(1.1, 0.05) noise prior.

• data_covar_module (Optional[Module]) – The module computing the covariance (Kernel) matrix in data space. If omitted, use a MaternKernel.

• task_covar_prior (Optional[Prior]) – A Prior on the task covariance matrix. Must operate on p.s.d. matrices. A common prior for this is the LKJ prior. If omitted, uses LKJCovariancePrior with eta parameter as specified in the keyword arguments (if not specified, use eta=1.5).

• rank (Optional[int]) – The rank of the ICM kernel. If omitted, use a full rank kernel.

• kwargs (Any) – Additional arguments to override default settings of priors, including: - eta: The eta parameter on the default LKJ task_covar_prior. A value of 1.0 is uninformative, values <1.0 favor stronger correlations (in magnitude), correlations vanish as eta -> inf. - sd_prior: A scalar prior over nonnegative numbers, which is used for the default LKJCovariancePrior task_covar_prior. - likelihood_rank: The rank of the task covariance matrix to fit. Defaults to 0 (which corresponds to a diagonal covariance matrix).

• input_transform (Optional[InputTransform]) –

• outcome_transform (Optional[OutcomeTransform]) –

forward(X)[source]

Defines the computation performed at every call.

Should be overridden by all subclasses.

Note

Although the recipe for forward pass needs to be defined within this function, one should call the Module instance afterwards instead of this since the former takes care of running the registered hooks while the latter silently ignores them.

Parameters:

X (Tensor) –

Return type:

property train_full_covar
property predictive_mean_cache
posterior(X, output_indices=None, observation_noise=False, posterior_transform=None, **kwargs)[source]

Computes the posterior over model outputs at the provided points.

Parameters:
• X (Tensor) – A (batch_shape) x q x d-dim Tensor, where d is the dimension of the feature space and q is the number of points considered jointly.

• observation_noise (Union[bool, Tensor]) – If True, add the observation noise from the likelihood to the posterior. If a Tensor, use it directly as the observation noise (must be of shape (batch_shape) x q).

• posterior_transform (Optional[PosteriorTransform]) – An optional PosteriorTransform.

• output_indices (Optional[List[int]]) –

• kwargs (Any) –

Returns:

A GPyTorchPosterior object, representing a batch of b joint distributions over q points. Includes observation noise if specified.

Return type:

train(val=True, *args, **kwargs)[source]

Put the model in train mode. Reverts to the original inputs if in train mode (mode=True) or sets transformed inputs if in eval mode (mode=False).

Parameters:

mode – A boolean denoting whether to put in train or eval mode. If False, model is put in eval mode.

### Higher Order GP Models¶

References

S. Zhe, W. Xing, and R. M. Kirby. Scalable high-order gaussian process regression. Proceedings of Machine Learning Research, volume 89, Apr 2019.

class botorch.models.higher_order_gp.FlattenedStandardize(output_shape, batch_shape=None, min_stdv=1e-08)[source]

Bases: Standardize

Standardize outcomes in a structured multi-output settings by reshaping the batched output dimensions to be a vector. Specifically, an output dimension of [a x b x c] will be squeezed to be a vector of [a * b * c].

Parameters:
• output_shape (torch.Size) – A n x output_shape-dim tensor of training targets.

• batch_shape (torch.Size) – The batch_shape of the training targets.

• min_stddv – The minimum standard deviation for which to perform standardization (if lower, only de-mean the data).

• min_stdv (float) –

forward(Y, Yvar=None)[source]

Standardize outcomes.

If the module is in train mode, this updates the module state (i.e. the mean/std normalizing constants). If the module is in eval mode, simply applies the normalization using the module state.

Parameters:
• Y (Tensor) – A batch_shape x n x m-dim tensor of training targets.

• Yvar (Optional[Tensor]) – A batch_shape x n x m-dim tensor of observation noises associated with the training targets (if applicable).

Returns:

• The transformed outcome observations.

• The transformed observation noise (if applicable).

Return type:

A two-tuple with the transformed outcomes

untransform(Y, Yvar=None)[source]

Un-standardize outcomes.

Parameters:
• Y (Tensor) – A batch_shape x n x m-dim tensor of standardized targets.

• Yvar (Optional[Tensor]) – A batch_shape x n x m-dim tensor of standardized observation noises associated with the targets (if applicable).

Returns:

• The un-standardized outcome observations.

• The un-standardized observation noise (if applicable).

Return type:

A two-tuple with the un-standardized outcomes

untransform_posterior(posterior)[source]

Un-standardize the posterior.

Parameters:

posterior (HigherOrderGPPosterior) – A posterior in the standardized space.

Returns:

The un-standardized posterior. If the input posterior is a MVN, the transformed posterior is again an MVN.

Return type:

TransformedPosterior

training: bool
class botorch.models.higher_order_gp.HigherOrderGP(train_X, train_Y, likelihood=None, covar_modules=None, num_latent_dims=None, learn_latent_pars=True, latent_init='default', outcome_transform=None, input_transform=None)[source]

Bases: BatchedMultiOutputGPyTorchModel, ExactGP, FantasizeMixin

A model for high-dimensional output regression.

As described in [Zhe2019hogp]. “Higher-order” means that the predictions are matrices (tensors) with at least two dimensions, such as images or grids of images, or measurements taken from a region of at least two dimensions. The posterior uses Matheron’s rule [Doucet2010sampl] as described in [Maddox2021bohdo].

HigherOrderGP differs from a “vector” multi-output model in that it uses Kronecker algebra to obtain parsimonious covariance matrices for these outputs (see KroneckerMultiTaskGP for more information). For example, imagine a 10 x 20 x 30 grid of images. If we were to vectorize the resulting 6,000 data points in order to use them in a non-higher-order GP, they would have a 6,000 x 6,000 covariance matrix, with 36 million entries. The Kronecker structure allows representing this as a product of 10x10, 20x20, and 30x30 covariance matrices, with only 1,400 entries.

Parameters:
• train_X (Tensor) – A batch_shape x n x d-dim tensor of training inputs.

• train_Y (Tensor) – A batch_shape x n x output_shape-dim tensor of training targets.

• likelihood (Optional[Likelihood]) – Gaussian likelihood for the model.

• covar_modules (Optional[List[Kernel]]) – List of kernels for each output structure.

• num_latent_dims (Optional[List[int]]) – Sizes for the latent dimensions.

• learn_latent_pars (bool) – If true, learn the latent parameters.

• latent_init (str) – [default or gp] how to initialize the latent parameters.

• outcome_transform (Optional[OutcomeTransform]) –

• input_transform (Optional[InputTransform]) –

forward(X)[source]

Defines the computation performed at every call.

Should be overridden by all subclasses.

Note

Although the recipe for forward pass needs to be defined within this function, one should call the Module instance afterwards instead of this since the former takes care of running the registered hooks while the latter silently ignores them.

Parameters:

X (Tensor) –

Return type:

MultivariateNormal

get_fantasy_model(inputs, targets, **kwargs)[source]

Returns a new GP model that incorporates the specified inputs and targets as new training data.

Using this method is more efficient than updating with set_train_data when the number of inputs is relatively small, because any computed test-time caches will be updated in linear time rather than computed from scratch.

Note

If targets is a batch (e.g. b x m), then the GP returned from this method will be a batch mode GP. If inputs is of the same (or lesser) dimension as targets, then it is assumed that the fantasy points are the same for each target batch.

Parameters:
• inputs (torch.Tensor) – (b1 x … x bk x m x d or f x b1 x … x bk x m x d) Locations of fantasy observations.

• targets (torch.Tensor) – (b1 x … x bk x m or f x b1 x … x bk x m) Labels of fantasy observations.

Returns:

An ExactGP model with n + m training examples, where the m fantasy examples have been added and all test-time caches have been updated.

Return type:

ExactGP

condition_on_observations(X, Y, **kwargs)[source]

Condition the model on new observations.

Parameters:
• X (Tensor) – A batch_shape x n’ x d-dim Tensor, where d is the dimension of the feature space, m is the number of points per batch, and batch_shape is the batch shape (must be compatible with the batch shape of the model).

• Y (Tensor) – A batch_shape’ x n’ x m_d-dim Tensor, where m_d is the shaping of the model outputs, n’ is the number of points per batch, and batch_shape’ is the batch shape of the observations. batch_shape’ must be broadcastable to batch_shape using standard broadcasting semantics. If Y has fewer batch dimensions than X, its is assumed that the missing batch dimensions are the same for all Y.

• kwargs (Any) –

Returns:

A BatchedMultiOutputGPyTorchModel object of the same type with n + n’ training examples, representing the original model conditioned on the new observations (X, Y) (and possibly noise observations passed in via kwargs).

Return type:

HigherOrderGP

posterior(X, output_indices=None, observation_noise=False, posterior_transform=None, **kwargs)[source]

Computes the posterior over model outputs at the provided points.

Parameters:
• X (Tensor) – A (batch_shape) x q x d-dim Tensor, where d is the dimension of the feature space and q is the number of points considered jointly.

• output_indices (Optional[List[int]]) – A list of indices, corresponding to the outputs over which to compute the posterior (if the model is multi-output). Can be used to speed up computation if only a subset of the model’s outputs are required for optimization. If omitted, computes the posterior over all model outputs.

• observation_noise (Union[bool, Tensor]) – If True, add the observation noise from the likelihood to the posterior. If a Tensor, use it directly as the observation noise (must be of shape (batch_shape) x q x m).

• posterior_transform (Optional[PosteriorTransform]) – An optional PosteriorTransform.

• kwargs (Any) –

Returns:

A GPyTorchPosterior object, representing batch_shape joint distributions over q points and the outputs selected by output_indices each. Includes observation noise if specified.

Return type:

GPyTorchPosterior

make_posterior_variances(joint_covariance_matrix)[source]

Computes the posterior variances given the data points X. As currently implemented, it computes another forwards call with the stacked data to get out the joint covariance across all data points.

Parameters:

joint_covariance_matrix (LinearOperator) –

Return type:

Tensor

### Pairwise GP Models¶

Preference Learning with Gaussian Process

[Chu2005preference] (1,2,3)

Wei Chu, and Zoubin Ghahramani. Preference learning with Gaussian processes. Proceedings of the 22nd international conference on Machine learning. 2005.

Eric Brochu, Vlad M. Cora, and Nando De Freitas. A tutorial on Bayesian optimization of expensive cost functions, with application to active user modeling and hierarchical reinforcement learning. arXiv preprint arXiv:1012.2599 (2010).

class botorch.models.pairwise_gp.PairwiseGP(datapoints, comparisons, likelihood=None, covar_module=None, input_transform=None, **kwargs)[source]

Bases: Model, GP, FantasizeMixin

Probit GP for preference learning with Laplace approximation

A probit-likelihood GP that learns via pairwise comparison data, using a Laplace approximation of the posterior of the estimated utility values. By default it uses a scaled RBF kernel.

Implementation is based on [Chu2005preference]. Also see [Brochu2010tutorial] for additional reference.

Note that in [Chu2005preference] the likelihood of a pairwise comparison is $$\left(\frac{f(x_1) - f(x_2)}{\sqrt{2}\sigma}\right)$$, i.e. a scale is used in the denominator. To maintain consistency with usage of kernels elsewhere in BoTorch, we instead do not include $$\sigma$$ in the code (implicitly setting it to 1) and use ScaleKernel to scale the function.

In the example below, the user/decision maker has stated that they prefer the first item over the second item and the third item over the second item, generating comparisons [0, 1] and [2, 1].

Example

>>> from botorch.models import PairwiseGP
>>> import torch
>>> datapoints = torch.Tensor([[1, 2, 3], [4, 5, 6], [7, 8, 9]])
>>> comparisons = torch.Tensor([[0, 1], [2, 1]])
>>> model = PairwiseGP(datapoints, comparisons)

Parameters:
• datapoints (Tensor) – A batch_shape x n x d tensor of training features.

• comparisons (Tensor) – A batch_shape x m x 2 training comparisons; comparisons[i] is a noisy indicator suggesting the utility value of comparisons[i, 0]-th is greater than comparisons[i, 1]-th.

• likelihood (Optional[PairwiseLikelihood]) – A PairwiseLikelihood.

• covar_module (Optional[ScaleKernel]) – Covariance module.

• input_transform (Optional[InputTransform]) – An input transform that is applied in the model’s forward pass.

property num_outputs: int

The number of outputs of the model.

property batch_shape: Size

The batch shape of the model.

This is a batch shape from an I/O perspective, independent of the internal representation of the model (as e.g. in BatchedMultiOutputGPyTorchModel). For a model with m outputs, a test_batch_shape x q x d-shaped input X to the posterior method returns a Posterior object over an output of shape broadcast(test_batch_shape, model.batch_shape) x q x m.

set_train_data(datapoints=None, comparisons=None, strict=False, update_model=True)[source]

Set datapoints and comparisons and update model properties if needed

Parameters:
• datapoints (Optional[Tensor]) – A batch_shape x n x d dimension tensor X. If there are input transformations, assume the datapoints are not transformed

• comparisons (Optional[Tensor]) – A tensor of size batch_shape x m x 2. (i, j) means f_i is preferred over f_j.

• strict (bool) – strict argument as in gpytorch.models.exact_gp for compatibility when using fit_gpytorch_model with input_transform.

• update_model (bool) – True if we want to refit the model (see _update) after re-setting the data.

Return type:

None

Removes data related buffers from the state_dict and calls super().load_state_dict with strict=False.

Parameters:
• state_dict (Dict[str, Tensor]) – The state dict.

• strict (bool) – Boolean specifying whether or not given and instance-bound state_dicts should have identical keys. Only implemented for strict=False since buffers will filters out when calling _load_from_state_dict.

Returns:

A named tuple _IncompatibleKeys, containing the missing_keys and unexpected_keys.

Return type:

_IncompatibleKeys

forward(datapoints)[source]

Calculate a posterior or prior prediction.

During training mode, forward implemented solely for gradient-based hyperparam opt. Essentially what it does is to re-calculate the utility f using its analytical form at f_map so that we are able to obtain gradients of the hyperparameters.

Parameters:

datapoints (Tensor) – A batch_shape x n x d Tensor, should be the same as self.datapoints during training

Returns:

1. Posterior centered at MAP points for training data (training mode)

2. Prior predictions (prior mode)

3. Predictive posterior (eval mode)

Return type:

A MultivariateNormal object, being one of the followings

posterior(X, output_indices=None, observation_noise=False, posterior_transform=None, **kwargs)[source]

Computes the posterior over model outputs at the provided points.

Parameters:
• X (Tensor) – A batch_shape x q x d-dim Tensor, where d is the dimension of the feature space and q is the number of points considered jointly.

• output_indices (Optional[List[int]]) – As defined in parent Model class, not used for this model.

• observation_noise (bool) – Ignored (since noise is not identifiable from scale in probit models).

• posterior_transform (Optional[PosteriorTransform]) – An optional PosteriorTransform.

• kwargs (Any) –

Returns:

A Posterior object, representing joint

distributions over q points.

Return type:

Posterior

condition_on_observations(X, Y, **kwargs)[source]

Condition the model on new observations.

Note that unlike other BoTorch models, PairwiseGP requires Y to be pairwise comparisons

Parameters:
• X (Tensor) – A batch_shape x n x d dimension tensor X

• Y (Tensor) – A tensor of size batch_shape x m x 2. (i, j) means f_i is preferred over f_j

• kwargs (Any) –

Returns:

A (deepcopied) Model object of the same type, representing the original model conditioned on the new observations (X, Y).

Return type:

Model

class botorch.models.pairwise_gp.PairwiseLaplaceMarginalLogLikelihood(likelihood, model)[source]

Bases: MarginalLogLikelihood

Laplace-approximated marginal log likelihood/evidence for PairwiseGP

See (12) from [Chu2005preference].

Parameters:
• likelihood – Used as in args to GPyTorch MarginalLogLikelihood

• model (GP) – Used as in args to GPyTorch MarginalLogLikelihood

forward(post, comp)[source]

Calculate approximated log evidence, i.e., log(P(D|theta))

Parameters:
• post (Posterior) – training posterior distribution from self.model

• comp (Tensor) – Comparisons pairs, see PairwiseGP.__init__ for more details

Returns:

The approximated evidence, i.e., the marginal log likelihood

Return type:

Tensor

training: bool

### Contextual GP Models with Aggregate Rewards¶

class botorch.models.contextual.SACGP(train_X, train_Y, train_Yvar, decomposition)[source]

Bases: FixedNoiseGP

A GP using a Structural Additive Contextual(SAC) kernel.

Parameters:
• train_X (Tensor) – (n x d) X training data.

• train_Y (Tensor) – (n x 1) Y training data.

• train_Yvar (Tensor) – (n x 1) Noise variances of each training Y.

• decomposition (Dict[str, List[int]]) – Keys are context names. Values are the indexes of parameters belong to the context. The parameter indexes are in the same order across contexts.

class botorch.models.contextual.LCEAGP(train_X, train_Y, train_Yvar, decomposition, train_embedding=True, cat_feature_dict=None, embs_feature_dict=None, embs_dim_list=None, context_weight_dict=None)[source]

Bases: FixedNoiseGP

A GP using a Latent Context Embedding Additive (LCE-A) Kernel.

Note that the model does not support batch training. Input training data sets should have dim = 2.

Parameters:
• train_X (Tensor) – (n x d) X training data.

• train_Y (Tensor) – (n x 1) Y training data.

• train_Yvar (Tensor) – (n x 1) Noise variance of Y.

• decomposition (Dict[str, List[int]]) – Keys are context names. Values are the indexes of parameters belong to the context. The parameter indexes are in the same order across contexts.

• cat_feature_dict (Optional[Dict]) – Keys are context names and values are list of categorical features i.e. {“context_name” : [cat_0, …, cat_k]}, where k is the number of categorical variables. If None, we use context names in the decomposition as the only categorical feature, i.e., k = 1.

• embs_feature_dict (Optional[Dict]) – Pre-trained continuous embedding features of each context.

• embs_dim_list (Optional[List[int]]) – Embedding dimension for each categorical variable. The length equals the number of categorical features k. If None, the embedding dimension is set to 1 for each categorical variable.

• context_weight_dict (Optional[Dict]) – Known population weights of each context.

• train_embedding (bool) –

### Contextual GP Models with Context Rewards¶

Bases: MultiTaskGP

The Multi-Task GP with the latent context embedding multioutput (LCE-M) kernel.

Parameters:
• train_X (Tensor) – (n x d) X training data.

• train_Y (Tensor) – (n x 1) Y training data.

• task_feature (int) – Column index of train_X to get context indices.

• context_cat_feature (Optional[Tensor]) – (n_contexts x k) one-hot encoded context features. Rows are ordered by context indices, where k is the number of categorical variables. If None, task indices will be used and k = 1.

• context_emb_feature (Optional[Tensor]) – (n_contexts x m) pre-given continuous embedding features. Rows are ordered by context indices.

• embs_dim_list (Optional[List[int]]) – Embedding dimension for each categorical variable. The length equals k. If None, the embedding dimension is set to 1 for each categorical variable.

• output_tasks (Optional[List[int]]) – A list of task indices for which to compute model outputs for. If omitted, return outputs for all task indices.

• input_transform (Optional[InputTransform]) –

• outcome_transform (Optional[OutcomeTransform]) –

compute covariance matrix of a list of given context

Parameters:

task_idcs (Tensor) – (n x 1) or (b x n x 1) task indices tensor

Return type:

Tensor

forward(x)[source]

Defines the computation performed at every call.

Should be overridden by all subclasses.

Note

Although the recipe for forward pass needs to be defined within this function, one should call the Module instance afterwards instead of this since the former takes care of running the registered hooks while the latter silently ignores them.

Parameters:

x (Tensor) –

Return type:

MultivariateNormal

Bases: LCEMGP

The Multi-Task GP the latent context embedding multioutput (LCE-M) kernel, with known observation noise.

Parameters:
• train_X (Tensor) – (n x d) X training data.

• train_Y (Tensor) – (n x 1) Y training data.

• train_Yvar (Tensor) – (n x 1) Noise variances of each training Y.

• task_feature (int) – Column index of train_X to get context indices.

• context_cat_feature (Optional[Tensor]) – (n_contexts x k) one-hot encoded context features. Rows are ordered by context indices, where k is the number of categorical variables. If None, task indices will be used and k = 1.

• context_emb_feature (Optional[Tensor]) – (n_contexts x m) pre-given continuous embedding features. Rows are ordered by context indices.

• embs_dim_list (Optional[List[int]]) – Embedding dimension for each categorical variable. The length equals to k. If None, the embedding dimension is set to 1 for each categorical variable.

• output_tasks (Optional[List[int]]) – A list of task indices for which to compute model outputs for. If omitted, return outputs for all task indices.

### Variational GP Models¶

References

David R. Burt and Carl Edward Rasmussen and Mark van der Wilk, Convergence of Sparse Variational Inference in Gaussian Process Regression, Journal of Machine Learning Research, 2020, http://jmlr.org/papers/v21/19-1015.html.

Laming Chen and Guoxin Zhang and Hanning Zhou, Fast greedy MAP inference for determinantal point process to improve recommendation diversity, Proceedings of the 32nd International Conference on Neural Information Processing Systems, 2018, https://arxiv.org/abs/1709.05135.

James Hensman and Nicolo Fusi and Neil D. Lawrence, Gaussian Processes for Big Data, Proceedings of the 29th Conference on Uncertainty in Artificial Intelligence, 2013, https://arxiv.org/abs/1309.6835.

class botorch.models.approximate_gp.ApproximateGPyTorchModel(model=None, likelihood=None, num_outputs=1, *args, **kwargs)[source]

Bases: GPyTorchModel

Botorch wrapper class for various (variational) approximate GP models in GPyTorch.

This can either include stochastic variational GPs (SVGPs) or variational implementations of weight space approximate GPs.

Parameters:
• model (Optional[ApproximateGP]) – Instance of gpytorch.approximate GP models. If omitted, constructs a _SingleTaskVariationalGP.

• likelihood (Optional[Likelihood]) – Instance of a GPyTorch likelihood. If omitted, uses a either a GaussianLikelihood (if num_outputs=1) or a MultitaskGaussianLikelihood(if num_outputs>1).

• num_outputs (int) – Number of outputs expected for the GP model.

• args – Optional positional arguments passed to the _SingleTaskVariationalGP constructor if no model is provided.

• kwargs – Optional keyword arguments passed to the _SingleTaskVariationalGP constructor if no model is provided.

property num_outputs

The number of outputs of the model.

posterior(X, output_indices=None, observation_noise=False, *args, **kwargs)[source]

Computes the posterior over model outputs at the provided points.

Parameters:
• X – A (batch_shape) x q x d-dim Tensor, where d is the dimension of the feature space and q is the number of points considered jointly.

• observation_noise – If True, add the observation noise from the likelihood to the posterior. If a Tensor, use it directly as the observation noise (must be of shape (batch_shape) x q).

• posterior_transform – An optional PosteriorTransform.

Returns:

A GPyTorchPosterior object, representing a batch of b joint distributions over q points. Includes observation noise if specified.

Return type:

GPyTorchPosterior

forward(X, *args, **kwargs)[source]

Defines the computation performed at every call.

Should be overridden by all subclasses.

Note

Although the recipe for forward pass needs to be defined within this function, one should call the Module instance afterwards instead of this since the former takes care of running the registered hooks while the latter silently ignores them.

Return type:

MultivariateNormal

class botorch.models.approximate_gp.SingleTaskVariationalGP(train_X, train_Y=None, likelihood=None, num_outputs=1, learn_inducing_points=True, covar_module=None, mean_module=None, variational_distribution=None, variational_strategy=<class 'gpytorch.variational.variational_strategy.VariationalStrategy'>, inducing_points=None, outcome_transform=None, input_transform=None)[source]

A single-task variational GP model following [hensman2013svgp] with pivoted Cholesky initialization following [chen2018dpp] and [burt2020svgp].

A single-task variational GP using relatively strong priors on the Kernel hyperparameters, which work best when covariates are normalized to the unit cube and outcomes are standardized (zero mean, unit variance).

This model works in batch mode (each batch having its own hyperparameters). When the training observations include multiple outputs, this model will use batching to model outputs independently. However, batches of multi-output models are not supported at this time, if you need to use those, please use a ModelListGP.

Use this model if you have a lot of data or if your responses are non-Gaussian.

To train this model, you should use gpytorch.mlls.VariationalELBO and not the exact marginal log likelihood.

Example

>>> import torch
>>> from gpytorch.mlls import VariationalELBO
>>>
>>> train_X = torch.rand(20, 2)
>>> mll = VariationalELBO(
>>>     model.likelihood, model.model, num_data=train_X.shape[-2]
>>> )

Parameters:
• train_X (Tensor) – Training inputs (due to the ability of the SVGP to sub-sample this does not have to be all of the training inputs).

• train_Y (Optional[Tensor]) – Training targets (optional).

• likelihood (Optional[Likelihood]) – Instance of a GPyTorch likelihood. If omitted, uses a either a GaussianLikelihood (if num_outputs=1) or a MultitaskGaussianLikelihood(if num_outputs>1).

• num_outputs (int) – Number of output responses per input (default: 1).

• covar_module (Optional[Kernel]) – Kernel function. If omitted, uses a MaternKernel.

• mean_module (Optional[Mean]) – Mean of GP model. If omitted, uses a ConstantMean.

• variational_distribution (Optional[_VariationalDistribution]) – Type of variational distribution to use (default: CholeskyVariationalDistribution), the properties of the variational distribution will encourage scalability or ease of optimization.

• variational_strategy (Type[_VariationalStrategy]) – Type of variational strategy to use (default: VariationalStrategy). The default setting uses “whitening” of the variational distribution to make training easier.

• inducing_points (Optional[Union[Tensor, int]]) – The number or specific locations of the inducing points.

• learn_inducing_points (bool) –

• outcome_transform (Optional[OutcomeTransform]) –

• input_transform (Optional[InputTransform]) –

init_inducing_points(inputs)[source]

Reinitialize the inducing point locations in-place with the current kernel applied to inputs. The variational distribution and variational strategy caches are reset.

Parameters:

inputs (Tensor) – (*batch_shape, n, d)-dim input data tensor.

Returns:

(*batch_shape, m, d)-dim tensor of selected inducing point locations.

Return type:

Tensor

### Fully Bayesian GP Models¶

Gaussian Process Regression models with fully Bayesian inference.

Fully Bayesian models use Bayesian inference over model hyperparameters, such as lengthscales and noise variance, learning a posterior distribution for the hyperparameters using the No-U-Turn-Sampler (NUTS). This is followed by sampling a small set of hyperparameters (often ~16) from the posterior that we will use for model predictions and for computing acquisition function values. By contrast, our “standard” models (e.g. SingleTaskGP) learn only a single best value for each hyperparameter using MAP. The fully Bayesian method generally results in a better and more well-calibrated model, but is more computationally intensive. For a full description, see [Eriksson2021saasbo].

We use a lightweight PyTorch implementation of a Matern-5/2 kernel as there are some performance issues with running NUTS on top of standard GPyTorch models. The resulting hyperparameter samples are loaded into a batched GPyTorch model after fitting.

References:

[Eriksson2021saasbo] (1,2,3)

D. Eriksson, M. Jankowiak. High-Dimensional Bayesian Optimization with Sparse Axis-Aligned Subspaces. Proceedings of the Thirty- Seventh Conference on Uncertainty in Artificial Intelligence, 2021.

botorch.models.fully_bayesian.matern52_kernel(X, lengthscale)[source]

Matern-5/2 kernel.

Parameters:
• X (Tensor) –

• lengthscale (Tensor) –

Return type:

Tensor

botorch.models.fully_bayesian.compute_dists(X, lengthscale)[source]

Compute kernel distances.

Parameters:
• X (Tensor) –

• lengthscale (Tensor) –

Return type:

Tensor

botorch.models.fully_bayesian.reshape_and_detach(target, new_value)[source]

Detach and reshape new_value to match target.

Parameters:
• target (Tensor) –

• new_value (Tensor) –

Return type:

None

class botorch.models.fully_bayesian.SaasPyroModel[source]

Bases: PyroModel

Implementation of the sparse axis-aligned subspace priors (SAAS) model.

The SAAS model uses sparsity-inducing priors to identify the most important parameters. This model is suitable for high-dimensional BO with potentially hundreds of tunable parameters. See [Eriksson2021saasbo] for more details.

SaasPyroModel is not a standard BoTorch model; instead, it is used as an input to SaasFullyBayesianSingleTaskGP. It is used as a default keyword argument, and end users are not likely to need to instantiate or modify a SaasPyroModel unless they want to customize its attributes (such as covar_module).

set_inputs(train_X, train_Y, train_Yvar=None)[source]

Set the training data.

Parameters:
• train_X (Tensor) – Training inputs (n x d)

• train_Y (Tensor) – Training targets (n x 1)

• train_Yvar (Optional[Tensor]) – Observed noise variance (n x 1). Inferred if None.

sample()[source]

Sample from the SAAS model.

This samples the mean, noise variance, outputscale, and lengthscales according to the SAAS prior.

Return type:

None

sample_outputscale(concentration=2.0, rate=0.15, **tkwargs)[source]

Sample the outputscale.

Parameters:
• concentration (float) –

• rate (float) –

• tkwargs (Any) –

Return type:

Tensor

sample_mean(**tkwargs)[source]

Sample the mean constant.

Parameters:

tkwargs (Any) –

Return type:

Tensor

sample_noise(**tkwargs)[source]

Sample the noise variance.

Parameters:

tkwargs (Any) –

Return type:

Tensor

sample_lengthscale(dim, alpha=0.1, **tkwargs)[source]

Sample the lengthscale.

Parameters:
• dim (int) –

• alpha (float) –

• tkwargs (Any) –

Return type:

Tensor

postprocess_mcmc_samples(mcmc_samples)[source]

Post-process the MCMC samples.

This computes the true lengthscales and removes the inverse lengthscales and tausq (global shrinkage).

Parameters:

mcmc_samples (Dict[str, Tensor]) –

Return type:

Dict[str, Tensor]

Load the MCMC samples into the mean_module, covar_module, and likelihood.

Parameters:

mcmc_samples (Dict[str, Tensor]) –

Return type:

Tuple[Mean, Kernel, Likelihood]

class botorch.models.fully_bayesian.SaasFullyBayesianSingleTaskGP(train_X, train_Y, train_Yvar=None, outcome_transform=None, input_transform=None, pyro_model=None)[source]

Bases: ExactGP, BatchedMultiOutputGPyTorchModel

A fully Bayesian single-task GP model with the SAAS prior.

This model assumes that the inputs have been normalized to [0, 1]^d and that the output has been standardized to have zero mean and unit variance. You can either normalize and standardize the data before constructing the model or use an input_transform and outcome_transform. The SAAS model [Eriksson2021saasbo] with a Matern-5/2 kernel is used by default.

You are expected to use fit_fully_bayesian_model_nuts to fit this model as it isn’t compatible with fit_gpytorch_model.

Example

>>> saas_gp = SaasFullyBayesianSingleTaskGP(train_X, train_Y)
>>> fit_fully_bayesian_model_nuts(saas_gp)
>>> posterior = saas_gp.posterior(test_X)


Initialize the fully Bayesian single-task GP model.

Parameters:
• train_X (Tensor) – Training inputs (n x d)

• train_Y (Tensor) – Training targets (n x 1)

• train_Yvar (Optional[Tensor]) – Observed noise variance (n x 1). Inferred if None.

• outcome_transform (Optional[OutcomeTransform]) – An outcome transform that is applied to the training data during instantiation and to the posterior during inference (that is, the Posterior obtained by calling .posterior on the model will be on the original scale).

• input_transform (Optional[InputTransform]) – An input transform that is applied in the model’s forward pass.

• pyro_model (Optional[PyroModel]) – Optional PyroModel, defaults to SaasPyroModel.

property median_lengthscale: Tensor

Median lengthscales across the MCMC samples.

property num_mcmc_samples: int

Number of MCMC samples in the model.

property batch_shape: Size

Batch shape of the model, equal to the number of MCMC samples. Note that SaasFullyBayesianSingleTaskGP does not support batching over input data at this point.

train(mode=True)[source]

Puts the model in train mode.

Parameters:

mode (bool) –

Return type:

None

Load the MCMC hyperparameter samples into the model.

This method will be called by fit_fully_bayesian_model_nuts when the model has been fitted in order to create a batched SingleTaskGP model.

Parameters:

mcmc_samples (Dict[str, Tensor]) –

Return type:

None

The standard approach of calling load_state_dict currently doesn’t play well with the SaasFullyBayesianSingleTaskGP since the mean_module, covar_module and likelihood aren’t initialized until the model has been fitted. The reason for this is that we don’t know the number of MCMC samples until NUTS is called. Given the state dict, we can initialize a new model with some dummy samples and then load the state dict into this model. This currently only works for a SaasPyroModel and supporting more Pyro models likely requires moving the model construction logic into the Pyro model itself.

Parameters:
• state_dict (Mapping[str, Any]) –

• strict (bool) –

forward(X)[source]

Unlike in other classes’ forward methods, there is no if self.training block, because it ought to be unreachable: If self.train() has been called, then self.covar_module will be None, check_if_fitted() will fail, and the rest of this method will not run.

Parameters:

X (Tensor) –

Return type:

MultivariateNormal

posterior(X, output_indices=None, observation_noise=False, posterior_transform=None, **kwargs)[source]

Computes the posterior over model outputs at the provided points.

Parameters:
• X (Tensor) – A (batch_shape) x q x d-dim Tensor, where d is the dimension of the feature space and q is the number of points considered jointly.

• output_indices (Optional[List[int]]) – A list of indices, corresponding to the outputs over which to compute the posterior (if the model is multi-output). Can be used to speed up computation if only a subset of the model’s outputs are required for optimization. If omitted, computes the posterior over all model outputs.

• observation_noise (bool) – If True, add the observation noise from the likelihood to the posterior. If a Tensor, use it directly as the observation noise (must be of shape (batch_shape) x q x m).

• posterior_transform (Optional[PosteriorTransform]) – An optional PosteriorTransform.

• kwargs (Any) –

Returns:

A FullyBayesianPosterior object. Includes observation noise if specified.

Return type:

FullyBayesianPosterior

### Fully Bayesian Multitask GP Models¶

Multi-task Gaussian Process Regression models with fully Bayesian inference.

Bases: SaasPyroModel

Implementation of the multi-task sparse axis-aligned subspace priors (SAAS) model.

The multi-task model uses an ICM kernel. The data kernel is same as the single task SAAS model in order to handle high-dimensional parameter spaces. The task kernel is a Matern-5/2 kernel using learned task embeddings as the input.

Set the training data.

Parameters:
• train_X (Tensor) – Training inputs (n x (d + 1))

• train_Y (Tensor) – Training targets (n x 1)

• train_Yvar (Tensor) – Observed noise variance (n x 1).

• task_rank (Optional[int]) – The num of learned task embeddings to be used in the task kernel. If omitted, set it to be 1.

sample()[source]

Sample from the SAAS model.

This samples the mean, noise variance, outputscale, and lengthscales according to the SAAS prior.

Return type:

None

sample_latent_features(**tkwargs)[source]
Parameters:

tkwargs (Any) –

Parameters:
• concentration (float) –

• rate (float) –

• tkwargs (Any) –

Load the MCMC samples into the mean_module, covar_module, and likelihood.

Parameters:

mcmc_samples (Dict[str, Tensor]) –

Return type:

Tuple[Mean, Kernel, Likelihood, Kernel, Parameter]

A fully Bayesian multi-task GP model with the SAAS prior.

This model assumes that the inputs have been normalized to [0, 1]^d and that the output has been stratified standardized to have zero mean and unit variance for each task.The SAAS model [Eriksson2021saasbo] with a Matern-5/2 is used as data kernel by default.

You are expected to use fit_fully_bayesian_model_nuts to fit this model as it isn’t compatible with fit_gpytorch_model.

Example

>>> X1, X2 = torch.rand(10, 2), torch.rand(20, 2)
>>> i1, i2 = torch.zeros(10, 1), torch.ones(20, 1)
>>> train_X = torch.cat([
>>>     torch.cat([X1, i1], -1), torch.cat([X2, i2], -1),
>>> ])
>>> train_Y = torch.cat(f1(X1), f2(X2)).unsqueeze(-1)
>>> train_Yvar = 0.01 * torch.ones_like(train_Y)
>>> )
>>> fit_fully_bayesian_model_nuts(mtsaas_gp)
>>> posterior = mtsaas_gp.posterior(test_X)


Initialize the fully Bayesian multi-task GP model.

Parameters:
• train_X (Tensor) – Training inputs (n x (d + 1))

• train_Y (Tensor) – Training targets (n x 1)

• train_Yvar (Tensor) – Observed noise variance (n x 1).

• rank (Optional[int]) – The num of learned task embeddings to be used in the task kernel. If omitted, set it to be 1.

• outcome_transform (Optional[OutcomeTransform]) –

• input_transform (Optional[InputTransform]) –

• pyro_model (Optional[PyroModel]) –

train(mode=True)[source]

Puts the model in train mode.

Parameters:

mode (bool) –

Return type:

None

property median_lengthscale: Tensor

Median lengthscales across the MCMC samples.

property num_mcmc_samples: int

Number of MCMC samples in the model.

property batch_shape: Size

Batch shape of the model, equal to the number of MCMC samples. Note that SaasFullyBayesianMultiTaskGP does not support batching over input data at this point.

fantasize(*args, **kwargs)[source]

Construct a fantasy model.

Constructs a fantasy model in the following fashion: (1) compute the model posterior at X (including observation noise if observation_noise=True). (2) sample from this posterior (using sampler) to generate “fake” observations. (3) condition the model on the new fake observations.

Parameters:
• X – A batch_shape x n’ x d-dim Tensor, where d is the dimension of the feature space, n’ is the number of points per batch, and batch_shape is the batch shape (must be compatible with the batch shape of the model).

• sampler – The sampler used for sampling from the posterior at X.

• observation_noise – If True, include observation noise.

• kwargs – Will be passed to model.condition_on_observations

Returns:

The constructed fantasy model.

Return type:

NoReturn

Load the MCMC hyperparameter samples into the model.

This method will be called by fit_fully_bayesian_model_nuts when the model has been fitted in order to create a batched SingleTaskGP model.

Parameters:

mcmc_samples (Dict[str, Tensor]) –

Return type:

None

posterior(X, output_indices=None, observation_noise=False, posterior_transform=None, **kwargs)[source]

Computes the posterior over model outputs at the provided points.

Returns:

A FullyBayesianPosterior object. Includes observation noise if specified.

Parameters:
• X (Tensor) –

• output_indices (Optional[List[int]]) –

• observation_noise (bool) –

• posterior_transform (Optional[PosteriorTransform]) –

• kwargs (Any) –

Return type:

FullyBayesianPosterior

forward(X)[source]

Defines the computation performed at every call.

Should be overridden by all subclasses.

Note

Although the recipe for forward pass needs to be defined within this function, one should call the Module instance afterwards instead of this since the former takes care of running the registered hooks while the latter silently ignores them.

Parameters:

X (Tensor) –

Return type:

MultivariateNormal

Construct Model keyword arguments from dictionary of SupervisedDataset.

Parameters:
• training_data (Dict[str, SupervisedDataset]) – Dictionary of SupervisedDataset.

• task_feature (int) – Column index of embedded task indicator features. For details, see parse_training_data.

• rank (Optional[int]) – The rank of the cross-task covariance matrix.

• kwargs (Any) –

Return type:

Dict[str, Any]

## Model Components¶

### Kernels¶

class botorch.models.kernels.categorical.CategoricalKernel(ard_num_dims=None, batch_shape=torch.Size([]), active_dims=None, lengthscale_prior=None, lengthscale_constraint=None, eps=1e-06, **kwargs)[source]

Bases: Kernel

A Kernel for categorical features.

Computes exp(-dist(x1, x2) / lengthscale), where dist(x1, x2) is zero if x1 == x2 and one if x1 != x2. If the last dimension is not a batch dimension, then the mean is considered.

Note: This kernel is NOT differentiable w.r.t. the inputs.

Initializes internal Module state, shared by both nn.Module and ScriptModule.

Parameters:
• ard_num_dims (Optional[int]) –

• batch_shape (Optional[Size]) –

• active_dims (Optional[Tuple[int, ...]]) –

• lengthscale_prior (Optional[Prior]) –

• lengthscale_constraint (Optional[Interval]) –

• eps (Optional[float]) –

class botorch.models.kernels.downsampling.DownsamplingKernel(power_prior=None, offset_prior=None, power_constraint=None, offset_constraint=None, **kwargs)[source]

Bases: Kernel

GPyTorch Downsampling Kernel.

Computes a covariance matrix based on the down sampling kernel between inputs x_1 and x_2 (we expect d = 1):

K(mathbf{x_1}, mathbf{x_2}) = c + (1 - x_1)^(1 + delta) *

(1 - x_2)^(1 + delta).

where c is an offset parameter, and delta is a power parameter.

Parameters:
• power_constraint (Optional[Interval]) – Constraint to place on power parameter. Default is Positive.

• power_prior (Optional[Prior]) – Prior over the power parameter.

• offset_constraint (Optional[Interval]) – Constraint to place on offset parameter. Default is Positive.

• active_dims – List of data dimensions to operate on. len(active_dims) should equal num_dimensions.

• offset_prior (Optional[Prior]) –

class botorch.models.kernels.exponential_decay.ExponentialDecayKernel(power_prior=None, offset_prior=None, power_constraint=None, offset_constraint=None, **kwargs)[source]

Bases: Kernel

GPyTorch Exponential Decay Kernel.

Computes a covariance matrix based on the exponential decay kernel between inputs x_1 and x_2 (we expect d = 1):

K(x_1, x_2) = w + beta^alpha / (x_1 + x_2 + beta)^alpha.

where w is an offset parameter, beta is a lenthscale parameter, and alpha is a power parameter.

Parameters:
• lengthscale_constraint – Constraint to place on lengthscale parameter. Default is Positive.

• lengthscale_prior – Prior over the lengthscale parameter.

• power_constraint (Optional[Interval]) – Constraint to place on power parameter. Default is Positive.

• power_prior (Optional[Prior]) – Prior over the power parameter.

• offset_constraint (Optional[Interval]) – Constraint to place on offset parameter. Default is Positive.

• active_dims – List of data dimensions to operate on. len(active_dims) should equal num_dimensions.

• offset_prior (Optional[Prior]) –

class botorch.models.kernels.linear_truncated_fidelity.LinearTruncatedFidelityKernel(fidelity_dims, dimension=None, power_prior=None, power_constraint=None, nu=2.5, lengthscale_prior_unbiased=None, lengthscale_prior_biased=None, lengthscale_constraint_unbiased=None, lengthscale_constraint_biased=None, covar_module_unbiased=None, covar_module_biased=None, **kwargs)[source]

Bases: Kernel

GPyTorch Linear Truncated Fidelity Kernel.

Computes a covariance matrix based on the Linear truncated kernel between inputs x_1 and x_2 for up to two fidelity parmeters:

K(x_1, x_2) = k_0 + c_1(x_1, x_2)k_1 + c_2(x_1,x_2)k_2 + c_3(x_1,x_2)k_3

where

• k_i(i=0,1,2,3) are Matern kernels calculated between non-fidelity

parameters of x_1 and x_2 with different priors.

• c_1=(1 - x_1[f_1])(1 - x_2[f_1]))(1 + x_1[f_1] x_2[f_1])^p is the kernel

of the the bias term, which can be decomposed into a determistic part and a polynomial kernel. Here f_1 is the first fidelity dimension and p is the order of the polynomial kernel.

• c_3 is the same as c_1 but is calculated for the second fidelity

dimension f_2.

• c_2 is the interaction term with four deterministic terms and the

polynomial kernel between x_1[…, [f_1, f_2]] and x_2[…, [f_1, f_2]].

Example

>>> x = torch.randn(10, 5)
>>> # Non-batch: Simple option
>>> covar_module = LinearTruncatedFidelityKernel()
>>> covar = covar_module(x)  # Output: LinearOperator of size (10 x 10)
>>>
>>> batch_x = torch.randn(2, 10, 5)
>>> # Batch: Simple option
>>> covar_module = LinearTruncatedFidelityKernel(batch_shape = torch.Size([2]))
>>> covar = covar_module(x)  # Output: LinearOperator of size (2 x 10 x 10)

Parameters:
• fidelity_dims (List[int]) – A list containing either one or two indices specifying the fidelity parameters of the input.

• dimension (Optional[int]) – The dimension of x. Unused if active_dims is specified.

• power_prior (Optional[Prior]) – Prior for the power parameter of the polynomial kernel. Default is None.

• power_constraint (Optional[Interval]) – Constraint on the power parameter of the polynomial kernel. Default is Positive.

• nu (float) – The smoothness parameter for the Matern kernel: either 1/2, 3/2, or 5/2. Unused if both covar_module_unbiased and covar_module_biased are specified.

• lengthscale_prior_unbiased (Optional[Prior]) – Prior on the lengthscale parameter of Matern kernel k_0. Default is Gamma(1.1, 1/20).

• lengthscale_constraint_unbiased (Optional[Interval]) – Constraint on the lengthscale parameter of the Matern kernel k_0. Default is Positive.

• lengthscale_prior_biased (Optional[Prior]) – Prior on the lengthscale parameter of Matern kernels k_i(i>0). Default is Gamma(5, 1/20).

• lengthscale_constraint_biased (Optional[Interval]) – Constraint on the lengthscale parameter of the Matern kernels k_i(i>0). Default is Positive.

• covar_module_unbiased (Optional[Kernel]) – Specify a custom kernel for k_0. If omitted, use a MaternKernel.

• covar_module_biased (Optional[Kernel]) – Specify a custom kernel for the biased parts k_i(i>0). If omitted, use a MaternKernel.

• batch_shape – If specified, use a separate lengthscale for each batch of input data. If x1 is a batch_shape x n x d tensor, this should be batch_shape.

• active_dims – Compute the covariance of a subset of input dimensions. The numbers correspond to the indices of the dimensions.

• kwargs (Any) –

class botorch.models.kernels.contextual_lcea.LCEAKernel(decomposition, batch_shape, train_embedding=True, cat_feature_dict=None, embs_feature_dict=None, embs_dim_list=None, context_weight_dict=None, device=None)[source]

Bases: Kernel

The Latent Context Embedding Additive (LCE-A) Kernel.

This kernel is similar to the SACKernel, and is used when context breakdowns are unbserverable. It assumes the same additive structure and a spatial kernel shared across contexts. Rather than assuming independence, LCEAKernel models the correlation in the latent functions for each context through learning context embeddings.

Parameters:
• decomposition (Dict[str, List[int]]) – Keys index context names. Values are the indexes of parameters belong to the context. The parameter indexes are in the same order across contexts.

• batch_shape (Size) – Batch shape as usual for gpytorch kernels. Model does not support batch training. When batch_shape is non-empty, it is used for loading hyper-parameter values generated from MCMC sampling.

• train_embedding (bool) – A boolean indictor of whether to learn context embeddings.

• cat_feature_dict (Optional[Dict]) – Keys are context names and values are list of categorical features i.e. {“context_name” : [cat_0, …, cat_k]}. k equals the number of categorical variables. If None, uses context names in the decomposition as the only categorical feature, i.e., k = 1.

• embs_feature_dict (Optional[Dict]) – Pre-trained continuous embedding features of each context.

• embs_dim_list (Optional[List[int]]) – Embedding dimension for each categorical variable. The length equals to num of categorical features k. If None, the embedding dimension is set to 1 for each categorical variable.

• context_weight_dict (Optional[Dict]) – Known population weights of each context.

• device (Optional[device]) –

class botorch.models.kernels.contextual_sac.SACKernel(decomposition, batch_shape, device=None)[source]

Bases: Kernel

The kernel is used for contextual BO without oberseving context breakdowns. There are d parameters and M contexts. In total, the dimension of parameter space is d*M and input x can be written as x=[x_11, …, x_1d, x_21, …, x_2d, …, x_M1, …, x_Md].

The kernel uses the parameter decomposition and assumes an additive structure across contexts. Each context compponent is assumed to be independent.

$\begin{equation*} k(\mathbf{x}, \mathbf{x'}) = k_1(\mathbf{x_(1)}, \mathbf{x'_(1)}) + \cdots + k_M(\mathbf{x_(M)}, \mathbf{x'_(M)}) \end{equation*}$

where * :math: M is the number of partitions of parameter space. Each partition contains same number of parameters d. Each kernel k_i acts only on d parameters of ith partition i.e. mathbf{x}_(i). Each kernel k_i is a scaled Matern kernel with same lengthscales but different outputscales.

Parameters:
• decomposition (Dict[str, List[int]]) – Keys are context names. Values are the indexes of parameters belong to the context. The parameter indexes are in the same order across contexts.

• batch_shape (Size) – Batch shape as usual for gpytorch kernels.

• device (Optional[device]) – The torch device.

### Likelihoods¶

Pairwise likelihood for pairwise preference model (e.g., PairwiseGP).

class botorch.models.likelihoods.pairwise.PairwiseProbitLikelihood(max_plate_nesting=1)[source]

Bases: PairwiseLikelihood

Pairwise likelihood using probit function

Given two items v and u with utilities f(v) and f(u), the probability that we prefer v over u with probability std_normal_cdf((f(v) - f(u))/sqrt(2)). Note that this formulation implicitly assume the noise term is fixed at 1.

Initialized like a gpytorch.likelihoods.Likelihood.

Parameters:

max_plate_nesting (int) – Defaults to 1.

p(utility, D, log=False)[source]

Given the difference in (estimated) utility util_diff = f(v) - f(u), return the probability of the user prefer v over u.

Parameters:
• utility (Tensor) – A Tensor of shape (batch_size) x n, the utility at MAP point

• D (Tensor) – D is (batch_size x) m x n matrix with all elements being zero in last dimension except at two positions D[…, i] = 1 and D[…, j] = -1 respectively, representing item i is preferred over item j.

• log (bool) – if true, return log probability

Return type:

Tensor

Calculate the sum of negative log gradient with respect to each item’s latent

utility values. Useful for models using laplace approximation.

Parameters:
• utility (Tensor) – A Tensor of shape (batch_size x) n, the utility at MAP point

• D (Tensor) – D is (batch_size x) m x n matrix with all elements being zero in last dimension except at two positions D[…, i] = 1 and D[…, j] = -1 respectively, representing item i is preferred over item j.

Returns:

A (batch_size x) n Tensor representing the sum of negative log gradient values of the likelihood over all comparisons (i.e., the m dimension) with respect to each item.

Return type:

Tensor

negative_log_hessian_sum(utility, D)[source]
Calculate the sum of negative log hessian with respect to each item’s latent

utility values. Useful for models using laplace approximation.

Parameters:
• utility (Tensor) – A Tensor of shape (batch_size) x n, the utility at MAP point

• D (Tensor) – D is (batch_size x) m x n matrix with all elements being zero in last dimension except at two positions D[…, i] = 1 and D[…, j] = -1 respectively, representing item i is preferred over item j.

Returns:

A (batch_size x) n x n Tensor representing the sum of negative log hessian values of the likelihood over all comparisons (i.e., the m dimension) with respect to each item.

Return type:

Tensor

training: bool
class botorch.models.likelihoods.pairwise.PairwiseLogitLikelihood(max_plate_nesting=1)[source]

Bases: PairwiseLikelihood

Pairwise likelihood using logistic (i.e., sigmoid) function

Given two items v and u with utilities f(v) and f(u), the probability that we prefer v over u with probability sigmoid(f(v) - f(u)). Note that this formulation implicitly assume the beta term in logistic function is fixed at 1.

Initialized like a gpytorch.likelihoods.Likelihood.

Parameters:

max_plate_nesting (int) – Defaults to 1.

log_p(utility, D)[source]

return the log of p

Parameters:
• utility (Tensor) –

• D (Tensor) –

Return type:

Tensor

p(utility, D)[source]

Given the difference in (estimated) utility util_diff = f(v) - f(u), return the probability of the user prefer v over u.

Parameters:
• utility (Tensor) – A Tensor of shape (batch_size) x n, the utility at MAP point

• D (Tensor) – D is (batch_size x) m x n matrix with all elements being zero in last dimension except at two positions D[…, i] = 1 and D[…, j] = -1 respectively, representing item i is preferred over item j.

• log – if true, return log probability

Return type:

Tensor

Calculate the sum of negative log gradient with respect to each item’s latent

utility values. Useful for models using laplace approximation.

Parameters:
• utility (Tensor) – A Tensor of shape (batch_size x) n, the utility at MAP point

• D (Tensor) – D is (batch_size x) m x n matrix with all elements being zero in last dimension except at two positions D[…, i] = 1 and D[…, j] = -1 respectively, representing item i is preferred over item j.

Returns:

A (batch_size x) n Tensor representing the sum of negative log gradient values of the likelihood over all comparisons (i.e., the m dimension) with respect to each item.

Return type:

Tensor

negative_log_hessian_sum(utility, D)[source]
Calculate the sum of negative log hessian with respect to each item’s latent

utility values. Useful for models using laplace approximation.

Parameters:
• utility (Tensor) – A Tensor of shape (batch_size) x n, the utility at MAP point

• D (Tensor) – D is (batch_size x) m x n matrix with all elements being zero in last dimension except at two positions D[…, i] = 1 and D[…, j] = -1 respectively, representing item i is preferred over item j.

Returns:

A (batch_size x) n x n Tensor representing the sum of negative log hessian values of the likelihood over all comparisons (i.e., the m dimension) with respect to each item.

Return type:

Tensor

training: bool

## Transforms¶

### Outcome Transforms¶

Outcome transformations for automatically transforming and un-transforming model outputs. Outcome transformations are typically part of a Model and applied (i) within the model constructor to transform the train observations to the model space, and (ii) in the Model.posterior call to untransform the model posterior back to the original space.

References

D. Eriksson, M. Poloczek. Scalable Constrained Bayesian Optimization. International Conference on Artificial Intelligence and Statistics. PMLR, 2021, http://proceedings.mlr.press/v130/eriksson21a.html

class botorch.models.transforms.outcome.ChainedOutcomeTransform(**transforms)[source]

Bases: OutcomeTransform, ModuleDict

An outcome transform representing the chaining of individual transforms

Chaining of outcome transforms.

Parameters:

transforms (OutcomeTransform) – The transforms to chain. Internally, the names of the kwargs are used as the keys for accessing the individual transforms on the module.

forward(Y, Yvar=None)[source]

Transform the outcomes in a model’s training targets

Parameters:
• Y (Tensor) – A batch_shape x n x m-dim tensor of training targets.

• Yvar (Optional[Tensor]) – A batch_shape x n x m-dim tensor of observation noises associated with the training targets (if applicable).

Returns:

• The transformed outcome observations.

• The transformed observation noise (if applicable).

Return type:

A two-tuple with the transformed outcomes

subset_output(idcs)[source]

Subset the transform along the output dimension.

Parameters:

idcs (List[int]) – The output indices to subset the transform to.

Returns:

The current outcome transform, subset to the specified output indices.

Return type:

OutcomeTransform

untransform(Y, Yvar=None)[source]

Un-transform previously transformed outcomes

Parameters:
• Y (Tensor) – A batch_shape x n x m-dim tensor of transfomred training targets.

• Yvar (Optional[Tensor]) – A batch_shape x n x m-dim tensor of transformed observation noises associated with the training targets (if applicable).

Returns:

• The un-transformed outcome observations.

• The un-transformed observation noise (if applicable).

Return type:

A two-tuple with the un-transformed outcomes

untransform_posterior(posterior)[source]

Un-transform a posterior

Parameters:

posterior (Posterior) – A posterior in the transformed space.

Returns:

The un-transformed posterior.

Return type:

Posterior

class botorch.models.transforms.outcome.Standardize(m, outputs=None, batch_shape=torch.Size([]), min_stdv=1e-08)[source]

Bases: OutcomeTransform

Standardize outcomes (zero mean, unit variance).

This module is stateful: If in train mode, calling forward updates the module state (i.e. the mean/std normalizing constants). If in eval mode, calling forward simply applies the standardization using the current module state.

Standardize outcomes (zero mean, unit variance).

Parameters:
• m (int) – The output dimension.

• outputs (Optional[List[int]]) – Which of the outputs to standardize. If omitted, all outputs will be standardized.

• batch_shape (torch.Size) – The batch_shape of the training targets.

• min_stddv – The minimum standard deviation for which to perform standardization (if lower, only de-mean the data).

• min_stdv (float) –

forward(Y, Yvar=None)[source]

Standardize outcomes.

If the module is in train mode, this updates the module state (i.e. the mean/std normalizing constants). If the module is in eval mode, simply applies the normalization using the module state.

Parameters:
• Y (Tensor) – A batch_shape x n x m-dim tensor of training targets.

• Yvar (Optional[Tensor]) – A batch_shape x n x m-dim tensor of observation noises associated with the training targets (if applicable).

Returns:

• The transformed outcome observations.

• The transformed observation noise (if applicable).

Return type:

A two-tuple with the transformed outcomes

subset_output(idcs)[source]

Subset the transform along the output dimension.

Parameters:

idcs (List[int]) – The output indices to subset the transform to.

Returns:

The current outcome transform, subset to the specified output indices.

Return type:

OutcomeTransform

untransform(Y, Yvar=None)[source]

Un-standardize outcomes.

Parameters:
• Y (Tensor) – A batch_shape x n x m-dim tensor of standardized targets.

• Yvar (Optional[Tensor]) – A batch_shape x n x m-dim tensor of standardized observation noises associated with the targets (if applicable).

Returns:

• The un-standardized outcome observations.

• The un-standardized observation noise (if applicable).

Return type:

A two-tuple with the un-standardized outcomes

untransform_posterior(posterior)[source]

Un-standardize the posterior.

Parameters:

posterior (Posterior) – A posterior in the standardized space.

Returns:

The un-standardized posterior. If the input posterior is a MVN, the transformed posterior is again an MVN.

Return type:

Posterior

training: bool
class botorch.models.transforms.outcome.Log(outputs=None)[source]

Bases: OutcomeTransform

Log-transform outcomes.

Useful if the targets are modeled using a (multivariate) log-Normal distribution. This means that we can use a standard GP model on the log-transformed outcomes and un-transform the model posterior of that GP.

Log-transform outcomes.

Parameters:

outputs (Optional[List[int]]) – Which of the outputs to log-transform. If omitted, all outputs will be standardized.

subset_output(idcs)[source]

Subset the transform along the output dimension.

Parameters:

idcs (List[int]) – The output indices to subset the transform to.

Returns:

The current outcome transform, subset to the specified output indices.

Return type:

OutcomeTransform

forward(Y, Yvar=None)[source]

Log-transform outcomes.

Parameters:
• Y (Tensor) – A batch_shape x n x m-dim tensor of training targets.

• Yvar (Optional[Tensor]) – A batch_shape x n x m-dim tensor of observation noises associated with the training targets (if applicable).

Returns:

• The transformed outcome observations.

• The transformed observation noise (if applicable).

Return type:

A two-tuple with the transformed outcomes

untransform(Y, Yvar=None)[source]

Un-transform log-transformed outcomes

Parameters:
• Y (Tensor) – A batch_shape x n x m-dim tensor of log-transfomred targets.

• Yvar (Optional[Tensor]) – A batch_shape x n x m-dim tensor of log- transformed observation noises associated with the training targets (if applicable).

Returns:

• The exponentiated outcome observations.

• The exponentiated observation noise (if applicable).

Return type:

A two-tuple with the un-transformed outcomes

untransform_posterior(posterior)[source]

Un-transform the log-transformed posterior.

Parameters:

posterior (Posterior) – A posterior in the log-transformed space.

Returns:

The un-transformed posterior.

Return type:

Posterior

training: bool
class botorch.models.transforms.outcome.Power(power, outputs=None)[source]

Bases: OutcomeTransform

Power-transform outcomes.

Useful if the targets are modeled using a (multivariate) power transform of a Normal distribution. This means that we can use a standard GP model on the power-transformed outcomes and un-transform the model posterior of that GP.

Power-transform outcomes.

Parameters:
• outputs (Optional[List[int]]) – Which of the outputs to power-transform. If omitted, all outputs will be standardized.

• power (float) –

subset_output(idcs)[source]

Subset the transform along the output dimension.

Parameters:

idcs (List[int]) – The output indices to subset the transform to.

Returns:

The current outcome transform, subset to the specified output indices.

Return type:

OutcomeTransform

forward(Y, Yvar=None)[source]

Power-transform outcomes.

Parameters:
• Y (Tensor) – A batch_shape x n x m-dim tensor of training targets.

• Yvar (Optional[Tensor]) – A batch_shape x n x m-dim tensor of observation noises associated with the training targets (if applicable).

Returns:

• The transformed outcome observations.

• The transformed observation noise (if applicable).

Return type:

A two-tuple with the transformed outcomes

untransform(Y, Yvar=None)[source]

Un-transform power-transformed outcomes

Parameters:
• Y (Tensor) – A batch_shape x n x m-dim tensor of power-transfomred targets.

• Yvar (Optional[Tensor]) – A batch_shape x n x m-dim tensor of power-transformed observation noises associated with the training targets (if applicable).

Returns:

• The un-power transformed outcome observations.

• The un-power transformed observation noise (if applicable).

Return type:

A two-tuple with the un-transformed outcomes

untransform_posterior(posterior)[source]

Un-transform the power-transformed posterior.

Parameters:

posterior (Posterior) – A posterior in the power-transformed space.

Returns:

The un-transformed posterior.

Return type:

Posterior

training: bool
class botorch.models.transforms.outcome.Bilog(outputs=None)[source]

Bases: OutcomeTransform

Bilog-transform outcomes.

The Bilog transform [eriksson2021scalable] is useful for modeling outcome constraints as it magnifies values near zero and flattens extreme values.

Bilog-transform outcomes.

Parameters:

outputs (Optional[List[int]]) – Which of the outputs to Bilog-transform. If omitted, all outputs will be transformed.

subset_output(idcs)[source]

Subset the transform along the output dimension.

Parameters:

idcs (List[int]) – The output indices to subset the transform to.

Returns:

The current outcome transform, subset to the specified output indices.

Return type:

OutcomeTransform

forward(Y, Yvar=None)[source]

Bilog-transform outcomes.

Parameters:
• Y (Tensor) – A batch_shape x n x m-dim tensor of training targets.

• Yvar (Optional[Tensor]) – A batch_shape x n x m-dim tensor of observation noises associated with the training targets (if applicable).

Returns:

• The transformed outcome observations.

• The transformed observation noise (if applicable).

Return type:

A two-tuple with the transformed outcomes

untransform(Y, Yvar=None)[source]

Un-transform bilog-transformed outcomes

Parameters:
• Y (Tensor) – A batch_shape x n x m-dim tensor of bilog-transfomred targets.

• Yvar (Optional[Tensor]) – A batch_shape x n x m-dim tensor of bilog-transformed observation noises associated with the training targets (if applicable).

Returns:

• The un-transformed outcome observations.

• The un-transformed observation noise (if applicable).

Return type:

A two-tuple with the un-transformed outcomes

untransform_posterior(posterior)[source]

Un-transform the bilog-transformed posterior.

Parameters:

posterior (Posterior) – A posterior in the bilog-transformed space.

Returns:

The un-transformed posterior.

Return type:

Posterior

training: bool

### Input Transforms¶

Input Transformations.

These classes implement a variety of transformations for input parameters including: learned input warping functions, rounding functions, and log transformations. The input transformation is typically part of a Model and applied within the model.forward() method.

class botorch.models.transforms.input.ChainedInputTransform(**transforms)[source]

Bases: InputTransform, ModuleDict

An input transform representing the chaining of individual transforms.

Chaining of input transforms.

Parameters:

transforms (InputTransform) – The transforms to chain. Internally, the names of the kwargs are used as the keys for accessing the individual transforms on the module.

Example

>>> tf1 = Normalize(d=2)
>>> tf2 = Normalize(d=2)
>>> tf = ChainedInputTransform(tf1=tf1, tf2=tf2)
>>> list(tf.keys())
['tf1', 'tf2']
>>> tf["tf1"]
Normalize()

transform_on_train: bool
transform_on_eval: bool
transform_on_fantasize: bool
transform(X)[source]

Transform the inputs to a model.

Individual transforms are applied in sequence.

Parameters:

X (Tensor) – A batch_shape x n x d-dim tensor of inputs.

Returns:

A batch_shape x n x d-dim tensor of transformed inputs.

Return type:

Tensor

untransform(X)[source]

Un-transform the inputs to a model.

Un-transforms of the individual transforms are applied in reverse sequence.

Parameters:

X (Tensor) – A batch_shape x n x d-dim tensor of transformed inputs.

Returns:

A batch_shape x n x d-dim tensor of un-transformed inputs.

Return type:

Tensor

equals(other)[source]

Check if another input transform is equivalent.

Parameters:

other (InputTransform) – Another input transform.

Returns:

A boolean indicating if the other transform is equivalent.

Return type:

bool

preprocess_transform(X)[source]

Apply transforms for preprocessing inputs.

The main use cases for this method are 1) to preprocess training data before calling set_train_data and 2) preprocess X_baseline for noisy acquisition functions so that X_baseline is “preprocessed” with the same transformations as the cached training inputs.

Parameters:

X (Tensor) – A batch_shape x n x d-dim tensor of inputs.

Returns:

A batch_shape x n x d-dim tensor of (transformed) inputs.

Return type:

Tensor

class botorch.models.transforms.input.Normalize(d, indices=None, bounds=None, batch_shape=torch.Size([]), transform_on_train=True, transform_on_eval=True, transform_on_fantasize=True, reverse=False, min_range=1e-08)[source]

Bases: AffineInputTransform

Normalize the inputs to the unit cube.

If no explicit bounds are provided this module is stateful: If in train mode, calling forward updates the module state (i.e. the normalizing bounds). If in eval mode, calling forward simply applies the normalization using the current module state.

Normalize the inputs to the unit cube.

Parameters:
• d (int) – The dimension of the input space.

• indices (Optional[List[int]]) – The indices of the inputs to normalize. If omitted, take all dimensions of the inputs into account.

• bounds (Optional[Tensor]) – If provided, use these bounds to normalize the inputs. If omitted, learn the bounds in train mode.

• batch_shape (torch.Size) – The batch shape of the inputs (assuming input tensors of shape batch_shape x n x d). If provided, perform individual normalization per batch, otherwise uses a single normalization.

• transform_on_train (bool) – A boolean indicating whether to apply the transforms in train() mode. Default: True.

• transform_on_eval (bool) – A boolean indicating whether to apply the transform in eval() mode. Default: True.

• transform_on_fantasize (bool) – A boolean indicating whether to apply the transform when called from within a fantasize call. Default: True.

• reverse (bool) – A boolean indicating whether the forward pass should untransform the inputs.

• min_range (float) – Amount of noise to add to the range to ensure no division by zero errors.

property ranges
property mins
property bounds: Tensor

The bounds used for normalizing the inputs.

property learn_bounds: bool
reverse: bool
class botorch.models.transforms.input.InputStandardize(d, indices=None, batch_shape=torch.Size([]), transform_on_train=True, transform_on_eval=True, transform_on_fantasize=True, reverse=False, min_std=1e-08)[source]

Bases: AffineInputTransform

Standardize inputs (zero mean, unit variance).

In train mode, calling forward updates the module state (i.e. the mean/std normalizing constants). If in eval mode, calling forward simply applies the standardization using the current module state.

Standardize inputs (zero mean, unit variance).

Parameters:
• d (int) – The dimension of the input space.

• indices (Optional[List[int]]) – The indices of the inputs to standardize. If omitted, take all dimensions of the inputs into account.

• batch_shape (torch.Size) – The batch shape of the inputs (asssuming input tensors of shape batch_shape x n x d). If provided, perform individual normalization per batch, otherwise uses a single normalization.

• transform_on_train (bool) – A boolean indicating whether to apply the transforms in train() mode. Default: True

• transform_on_eval (bool) – A boolean indicating whether to apply the transform in eval() mode. Default: True

• reverse (bool) – A boolean indicating whether the forward pass should untransform the inputs.

• min_std (float) – Amount of noise to add to the standard deviation to ensure no division by zero errors.

• transform_on_fantasize (bool) –

property stds
property means
reverse: bool
class botorch.models.transforms.input.Round(integer_indices=None, categorical_features=None, transform_on_train=True, transform_on_eval=True, transform_on_fantasize=True, approximate=False, tau=0.001, **kwargs)[source]

Bases: InputTransform, Module

A discretization transformation for discrete inputs.

For integers, this will typically be used in conjunction with normalization as follows:

In eval() mode (i.e. after training), the inputs pass would typically be normalized to the unit cube (e.g. during candidate optimization). 1. These are unnormalized back to the raw input space. 2. The integers are rounded. 3. All values are normalized to the unit cube.

In train() mode, the inputs can either (a) be normalized to the unit cube or (b) provided using their raw values. In the case of (a) transform_on_train should be set to True, so that the normalized inputs are unnormalized before rounding. In the case of (b) transform_on_train should be set to False, so that the raw inputs are rounded and then normalized to the unit cube.

By default, the straight through estimators are used for the gradients as proposed in [Daulton2022bopr]. This transformation supports differentiable approximate rounding (currently only for integers). The rounding function is approximated with a piece-wise function where each piece is a hyperbolic tangent function.

For categorical parameters, the input must be one-hot encoded.

Example

>>> bounds = torch.tensor([[0, 5], [0, 1], [0, 1]]).t()
>>> integer_indices = [0]
>>> categorical_features = {1: 2}
>>> unnormalize_tf = Normalize(
>>>     d=d,
>>>     bounds=bounds,
>>>     transform_on_eval=True,
>>>     transform_on_train=True,
>>>     reverse=True,
>>> )
>>> round_tf = Round(integer_indices, categorical_features)
>>> normalize_tf = Normalize(d=d, bounds=bounds)
>>> tf = ChainedInputTransform(
>>>     tf1=unnormalize_tf, tf2=round_tf, tf3=normalize_tf
>>> )


Initialize transform.

Parameters:
• integer_indices (Optional[List[int]]) – The indices of the integer inputs.

• categorical_features (Optional[Dict[int, int]]) – A dictionary mapping the starting index of each categorical feature to its cardinality. This assumes that categoricals are one-hot encoded.

• transform_on_train (bool) – A boolean indicating whether to apply the transforms in train() mode. Default: True.

• transform_on_eval (bool) – A boolean indicating whether to apply the transform in eval() mode. Default: True.

• transform_on_fantasize (bool) – A boolean indicating whether to apply the transform when called from within a fantasize call. Default: True.

• approximate (bool) – A boolean indicating whether approximate or exact rounding should be used. Default: False.

• tau (float) – The temperature parameter for approximate rounding.

transform_on_train: bool
transform_on_eval: bool
transform_on_fantasize: bool
transform(X)[source]

Discretize the inputs.

Parameters:

X (Tensor) – A batch_shape x n x d-dim tensor of inputs.

Returns:

A batch_shape x n x d-dim tensor of discretized inputs.

Return type:

Tensor

equals(other)[source]

Check if another input transform is equivalent.

Parameters:

other (InputTransform) – Another input transform.

Returns:

A boolean indicating if the other transform is equivalent.

Return type:

bool

class botorch.models.transforms.input.Log10(indices, transform_on_train=True, transform_on_eval=True, transform_on_fantasize=True, reverse=False)[source]

Bases: ReversibleInputTransform, Module

A base-10 log transformation.

Initialize transform.

Parameters:
• indices (List[int]) – The indices of the inputs to log transform.

• transform_on_train (bool) – A boolean indicating whether to apply the transforms in train() mode. Default: True.

• transform_on_eval (bool) – A boolean indicating whether to apply the transform in eval() mode. Default: True.

• transform_on_fantasize (bool) – A boolean indicating whether to apply the transform when called from within a fantasize call. Default: True.

• reverse (bool) – A boolean indicating whether the forward pass should untransform the inputs.

reverse: bool
class botorch.models.transforms.input.Warp(indices, transform_on_train=True, transform_on_eval=True, transform_on_fantasize=True, reverse=False, eps=1e-07, concentration1_prior=None, concentration0_prior=None, batch_shape=None)[source]

Bases: ReversibleInputTransform, Module

A transform that uses learned input warping functions.

Each specified input dimension is warped using the CDF of a Kumaraswamy distribution. Typically, MAP estimates of the parameters of the Kumaraswamy distribution, for each input dimension, are learned jointly with the GP hyperparameters.

TODO: implement support using independent warping functions for each output in batched multi-output and multi-task models.

For now, ModelListGPs should be used to learn independent warping functions for each output.

Initialize transform.

Parameters:
• indices (List[int]) – The indices of the inputs to warp.

• transform_on_train (bool) – A boolean indicating whether to apply the transforms in train() mode. Default: True.

• transform_on_eval (bool) – A boolean indicating whether to apply the transform in eval() mode. Default: True.

• transform_on_fantasize (bool) – A boolean indicating whether to apply the transform when called from within a fantasize call. Default: True.

• reverse (bool) – A boolean indicating whether the forward pass should untransform the inputs.

• eps (float) – A small value used to clip values to be in the interval (0, 1).

• concentration1_prior (Optional[Prior]) – A prior distribution on the concentration1 parameter of the Kumaraswamy distribution.

• concentration0_prior (Optional[Prior]) – A prior distribution on the concentration0 parameter of the Kumaraswamy distribution.

• batch_shape (Optional[torch.Size]) – The batch shape.

reverse: bool
class botorch.models.transforms.input.AppendFeatures(feature_set=None, f=None, indices=None, fkwargs=None, skip_expand=False, transform_on_train=False, transform_on_eval=True, transform_on_fantasize=False)[source]

Bases: InputTransform, Module

A transform that appends the input with a given set of features either provided beforehand or generated on the fly via a callable.

As an example, the predefined set of features can be used with RiskMeasureMCObjective to optimize risk measures as described in [Cakmak2020risk]. A tutorial notebook implementing the rhoKG acqusition function introduced in [Cakmak2020risk] can be found at https://botorch.org/tutorials/risk_averse_bo_with_environmental_variables.

The steps for using this to obtain samples of a risk measure are as follows:

• Train a model on (x, w) inputs and the corresponding observations;

• Pass in an instance of AppendFeatures with the feature_set denoting the samples of W as the input_transform to the trained model;

• Call posterior(…).rsample(…) on the model with x inputs only to get the joint posterior samples over (x, w)s, where the ws come from the feature_set;

• Pass these posterior samples through the RiskMeasureMCObjective of choice to get the samples of the risk measure.

Note: The samples of the risk measure obtained this way are in general biased since the feature_set does not fully represent the distribution of the environmental variable.

Possible examples for using a callable include statistical models that are built on PyTorch, built-in mathematical operations such as torch.sum, or custom scripted functions. By this, this input transform allows for advanced feature engineering and transfer learning models within the optimization loop.

Example

>>> # We consider 1D x and 1D w, with W having a
>>> # uniform distribution over [0, 1]
...     train_X=torch.rand(10, 2),
...     train_Y=torch.randn(10, 1),
...     input_transform=AppendFeatures(feature_set=torch.rand(10, 1))
... )
>>> mll = ExactMarginalLogLikelihood(model.likelihood, model)
>>> fit_gpytorch_mll(mll)
>>> test_x = torch.rand(3, 1)
>>> # posterior_samples is a 10 x 30 x 1-dim tensor
>>> posterior_samples = model.posterior(test_x).rsamples(torch.size([10]))
>>> risk_measure = VaR(alpha=0.8, n_w=10)
>>> # risk_measure_samples is a 10 x 3-dim tensor of samples of the
>>> # risk measure VaR
>>> risk_measure_samples = risk_measure(posterior_samples)


Append feature_set to each input or generate a set of features to append on the fly via a callable.

Parameters:
• feature_set (Optional[Tensor]) – An n_f x d_f-dim tensor denoting the features to be appended to the inputs. Default: None.

• f (Optional[Callable[[Tensor], Tensor]]) – A callable mapping a batch_shape x q x d-dim input tensor X to a batch_shape x q x n_f x d_f-dimensional output tensor. Default: None.

• indices (Optional[List[int]]) – List of indices denoting the indices of the features to be passed into f. Per default all features are passed to f. Default: None.

• fkwargs (Optional[Dict[str, Any]]) – Dictionary of keyword arguments passed to the callable f. Default: None.

• skip_expand (bool) – A boolean indicating whether to expand the input tensor before appending features. This is intended for use with an InputPerturbation. If True, the input tensor will be expected to be of shape batch_shape x (q * n_f) x d. Not implemented in combination with a callable.

• transform_on_train (bool) – A boolean indicating whether to apply the transforms in train() mode. Default: False.

• transform_on_eval (bool) – A boolean indicating whether to apply the transform in eval() mode. Default: True.

• transform_on_fantasize (bool) – A boolean indicating whether to apply the transform when called from within a fantasize call. Default: False.

is_one_to_many: bool = True
transform(X)[source]

Transform the inputs by appending feature_set to each input or by generating a set of features to be appended on the fly via a callable.

For each 1 x d-dim element in the input tensor, this will produce an n_f x (d + d_f)-dim tensor with feature_set appended as the last d_f dimensions. For a generic batch_shape x q x d-dim X, this translates to a batch_shape x (q * n_f) x (d + d_f)-dim output, where the values corresponding to X[…, i, :] are found in output[…, i * n_f: (i + 1) * n_f, :].

Note: Adding the feature_set on the q-batch dimension is necessary to avoid introducing additional bias by evaluating the inputs on independent GP sample paths.

Parameters:

X (Tensor) – A batch_shape x q x d-dim tensor of inputs. If self.skip_expand is True, then X should be of shape batch_shape x (q * n_f) x d, typically obtained by passing a batch_shape x q x d shape input through an InputPerturbation with n_f perturbation values.

Returns:

A batch_shape x (q * n_f) x (d + d_f)-dim tensor of appended inputs.

Return type:

Tensor

class botorch.models.transforms.input.FilterFeatures(feature_indices, transform_on_train=True, transform_on_eval=True, transform_on_fantasize=True)[source]

Bases: InputTransform, Module

A transform that filters the input with a given set of features indices.

As an example, this can be used in a multiobjective optimization with ModelListGP in which the specific models only share subsets of features (feature selection). A reason could be that it is known that specific features do not have any impact on a specific objective but they need to be included in the model for another one.

Filter features from a model.

Parameters:
• feature_set – An one-dim tensor denoting the indices of the features to be kept and fed to the model.

• transform_on_train (bool) – A boolean indicating whether to apply the transforms in train() mode. Default: True.

• transform_on_eval (bool) – A boolean indicating whether to apply the transform in eval() mode. Default: True.

• transform_on_fantasize (bool) – A boolean indicating whether to apply the transform when called from within a fantasize call. Default: True.

• feature_indices (Tensor) –

transform_on_train: bool
transform_on_eval: bool
transform_on_fantasize: bool
transform(X)[source]

Transform the inputs by keeping only the in feature_indices specified feature indices and filtering out the others.

Parameters:

X (Tensor) – A batch_shape x q x d-dim tensor of inputs.

Returns:

A batch_shape x q x e-dim tensor of filtered inputs,

where e is the length of feature_indices.

Return type:

Tensor

equals(other)[source]

Check if another input transform is equivalent.

Parameters:

other (InputTransform) – Another input transform

Returns:

A boolean indicating if the other transform is equivalent.

Return type:

bool

class botorch.models.transforms.input.InputPerturbation(perturbation_set, bounds=None, indices=None, multiplicative=False, transform_on_train=False, transform_on_eval=True, transform_on_fantasize=False)[source]

Bases: InputTransform, Module

A transform that adds the set of perturbations to the given input.

Similar to AppendFeatures, this can be used with RiskMeasureMCObjective to optimize risk measures. See AppendFeatures for additional discussion on optimizing risk measures.

A tutorial notebook using this with qNoisyExpectedImprovement can be found at https://botorch.org/tutorials/risk_averse_bo_with_input_perturbations.

Parameters:
• perturbation_set (Union[Tensor, Callable[[Tensor], Tensor]]) – An n_p x d-dim tensor denoting the perturbations to be added to the inputs. Alternatively, this can be a callable that returns batch x n_p x d-dim tensor of perturbations for input of shape batch x d. This is useful for heteroscedastic perturbations.

• bounds (Optional[Tensor]) – A 2 x d-dim tensor of lower and upper bounds for each column of the input. If given, the perturbed inputs will be clamped to these bounds.

• indices (Optional[List[int]]) – A list of indices specifying a subset of inputs on which to apply the transform. Note that len(indices) should be equal to the second dimension of perturbation_set and bounds. The dimensionality of the input X.shape[-1] can be larger if we only transform a subset.

• multiplicative (bool) – A boolean indicating whether the input perturbations are additive or multiplicative. If True, inputs will be multiplied with the perturbations.

• transform_on_train (bool) – A boolean indicating whether to apply the transforms in train() mode. Default: False.

• transform_on_eval (bool) – A boolean indicating whether to apply the transform in eval() mode. Default: True.

• transform_on_fantasize (bool) – A boolean indicating whether to apply the transform when called from within a fantasize call. Default: False.

is_one_to_many: bool = True
transform(X)[source]

Transform the inputs by adding perturbation_set to each input.

For each 1 x d-dim element in the input tensor, this will produce an n_p x d-dim tensor with the perturbation_set added to the input. For a generic batch_shape x q x d-dim X, this translates to a batch_shape x (q * n_p) x d-dim output, where the values corresponding to X[…, i, :] are found in output[…, i * n_w: (i + 1) * n_w, :].

Note: Adding the perturbation_set on the q-batch dimension is necessary to avoid introducing additional bias by evaluating the inputs on independent GP sample paths.

Parameters:

X (Tensor) – A batch_shape x q x d-dim tensor of inputs.

Returns:

A batch_shape x (q * n_p) x d-dim tensor of perturbed inputs.

Return type:

Tensor

property batch_shape

Returns a shape tuple such that subset_transform pre-allocates a (b x n_p x n x d) - dim tensor, where b is the batch shape of the input X of the transform and n_p is the number of perturbations. NOTE: this function is dependent on calling _expanded_perturbations(X) because n_p is inaccessible otherwise if perturbation_set is a function.

### Transform Utilities¶

botorch.models.transforms.utils.lognorm_to_norm(mu, Cov)[source]

Compute mean and covariance of a MVN from those of the associated log-MVN

If Y is log-normal with mean mu_ln and covariance Cov_ln, then X ~ N(mu_n, Cov_n) with

Cov_n_{ij} = log(1 + Cov_ln_{ij} / (mu_ln_{i} * mu_n_{j})) mu_n_{i} = log(mu_ln_{i}) - 0.5 * log(1 + Cov_ln_{ii} / mu_ln_{i}**2)

Parameters:
• mu (Tensor) – A batch_shape x n mean vector of the log-Normal distribution.

• Cov (Tensor) – A batch_shape x n x n covariance matrix of the log-Normal distribution.

Returns:

• The batch_shape x n mean vector of the Normal distribution

• The batch_shape x n x n covariance matrix of the Normal distribution

Return type:

A two-tuple containing

botorch.models.transforms.utils.norm_to_lognorm(mu, Cov)[source]

Compute mean and covariance of a log-MVN from its MVN sufficient statistics

If X ~ N(mu, Cov) and Y = exp(X), then Y is log-normal with

mu_ln_{i} = exp(mu_{i} + 0.5 * Cov_{ii}) Cov_ln_{ij} = exp(mu_{i} + mu_{j} + 0.5 * (Cov_{ii} + Cov_{jj})) * (exp(Cov_{ij}) - 1)

Parameters:
• mu (Tensor) – A batch_shape x n mean vector of the Normal distribution.

• Cov (Tensor) – A batch_shape x n x n covariance matrix of the Normal distribution.

Returns:

• The batch_shape x n mean vector of the log-Normal distribution.

• The batch_shape x n x n covariance matrix of the log-Normal

distribution.

Return type:

A two-tuple containing

botorch.models.transforms.utils.norm_to_lognorm_mean(mu, var)[source]

Compute mean of a log-MVN from its MVN marginals

Parameters:
• mu (Tensor) – A batch_shape x n mean vector of the Normal distribution.

• var (Tensor) – A batch_shape x n variance vectorof the Normal distribution.

Returns:

The batch_shape x n mean vector of the log-Normal distribution.

Return type:

Tensor

botorch.models.transforms.utils.norm_to_lognorm_variance(mu, var)[source]

Compute variance of a log-MVN from its MVN marginals

Parameters:
• mu (Tensor) – A batch_shape x n mean vector of the Normal distribution.

• var (Tensor) – A batch_shape x n variance vectorof the Normal distribution.

Returns:

The batch_shape x n variance vector of the log-Normal distribution.

Return type:

Tensor

botorch.models.transforms.utils.expand_and_copy_tensor(X, batch_shape)[source]

Expand and copy X according to batch_shape.

Parameters:
• X (Tensor) – A input_batch_shape x n x d-dim tensor of inputs.

• batch_shape (Size) – The new batch shape.

Returns:

A new_batch_shape x n x d-dim tensor of inputs, where new_batch_shape is input_batch_shape against batch_shape.

Return type:

Tensor

botorch.models.transforms.utils.subset_transform(transform)[source]

Decorator of an input transform function to separate out indexing logic.

## Utilities¶

### Dataset Parsing¶

Parsing rules for BoTorch datasets.

botorch.models.utils.parse_training_data.parse_training_data(consumer, training_data, **kwargs)[source]

Prepares a (collection of) datasets for consumption by a given object.

Parameters:
• training_datas – A BoTorchDataset or dictionary thereof.

• consumer (Any) – The object that will consume the parsed data, or type thereof.

• training_data (Union[BotorchDataset, Dict[Hashable, BotorchDataset]]) –

• kwargs (Any) –

Returns:

A dictionary containing the extracted information.

Return type:

Dict[Hashable, Tensor]

### Model Conversion¶

Utilities for converting between different models.

botorch.models.converter.model_list_to_batched(model_list)[source]

Convert a ModelListGP to a BatchedMultiOutputGPyTorchModel.

Parameters:

model_list (ModelListGP) – The ModelListGP to be converted to the appropriate BatchedMultiOutputGPyTorchModel. All sub-models must be of the same type and have the shape (batch shape and number of training inputs).

Returns:

The model converted into a BatchedMultiOutputGPyTorchModel.

Return type:

BatchedMultiOutputGPyTorchModel

Example

>>> list_gp = ModelListGP(gp1, gp2)
>>> batch_gp = model_list_to_batched(list_gp)

botorch.models.converter.set_attribute(obj, attr, val)[source]

Like setattr but works with hierarchical attribute specification. E.g. if obj=Zoo(), and attr=”tiger.age”, set_attribute(obj, attr, 3), would set the Zoo’s tiger’s age to three.

Parameters:

attr (str) –

botorch.models.converter.get_attribute(obj, attr)[source]

Like getattr but works with hierarchical attribute specification. E.g. if obj=Zoo(), and attr=”tiger.age”, get_attribute(obj, attr), would return the Zoo’s tiger’s age.

Parameters:

attr (str) –

botorch.models.converter.batched_to_model_list(batch_model)[source]

Convert a BatchedMultiOutputGPyTorchModel to a ModelListGP.

Parameters:

batch_model (BatchedMultiOutputGPyTorchModel) – The BatchedMultiOutputGPyTorchModel to be converted to a ModelListGP.

Returns:

The model converted into a ModelListGP.

Return type:

ModelListGP

Example

>>> train_X = torch.rand(5, 2)
>>> train_Y = torch.rand(5, 2)
>>> list_gp = batched_to_model_list(batch_gp)

botorch.models.converter.batched_multi_output_to_single_output(batch_mo_model)[source]

Convert a model from batched multi-output to a batched single-output.

Note: the underlying GPyTorch GP does not change. The GPyTorch GP’s batch_shape (referred to as _aug_batch_shape) is still _input_batch_shape x num_outputs. The only things that change are the attributes of the BatchedMultiOutputGPyTorchModel that are responsible the internal accounting of the number of outputs: namely, num_outputs, _input_batch_shape, and _aug_batch_shape. Initially for the batched MO models these are: num_outputs = m, _input_batch_shape = train_X.batch_shape, and _aug_batch_shape = train_X.batch_shape + torch.Size([num_outputs]). In the new SO model, these are: num_outputs = 1, _input_batch_shape = train_X.batch_shape + torch.Size([num_outputs]), and _aug_batch_shape = train_X.batch_shape + torch.Size([num_outputs]).

This is a (hopefully) temporary measure until multi-output MVNs with independent outputs have better support in GPyTorch (see https://github.com/cornellius-gp/gpytorch/pull/1083).

Parameters:
• batched_mo_model – The BatchedMultiOutputGPyTorchModel

• batch_mo_model (BatchedMultiOutputGPyTorchModel) –

Returns:

The model converted into a batch single-output model.

Return type:

BatchedMultiOutputGPyTorchModel

Example

>>> train_X = torch.rand(5, 2)
>>> train_Y = torch.rand(5, 2)
>>> batch_so_gp = batched_multioutput_to_single_output(batch_gp)


### Other Utilties¶

Assorted helper methods and objects for working with BoTorch models.

botorch.models.utils.assorted.multioutput_to_batch_mode_transform(train_X, train_Y, num_outputs, train_Yvar=None)[source]

Transforms training inputs for a multi-output model.

Used for multi-output models that internally are represented by a batched single output model, where each output is modeled as an independent batch.

Parameters:
• train_X (Tensor) – A n x d or input_batch_shape x n x d (batch mode) tensor of training features.

• train_Y (Tensor) – A n x m or target_batch_shape x n x m (batch mode) tensor of training observations.

• num_outputs (int) – number of outputs

• train_Yvar (Optional[Tensor]) – A n x m or target_batch_shape x n x m tensor of observed measurement noise.

Returns:

3-element tuple containing

• A input_batch_shape x m x n x d tensor of training features.

• A target_batch_shape x m x n tensor of training observations.

• A target_batch_shape x m x n tensor observed measurement noise.

Return type:

Tuple[Tensor, Tensor, Optional[Tensor]]

Insert the output dimension at the correct location.

The trailing batch dimensions of X must match the original batch dimensions of the training inputs, but can also include extra batch dimensions.

Parameters:
• X (Tensor) – A (new_batch_shape) x (original_batch_shape) x n x d tensor of features.

• original_batch_shape (Size) – the batch shape of the model’s training inputs.

Returns:

2-element tuple containing

• A (new_batch_shape) x (original_batch_shape) x m x n x d tensor of

features.

• The index corresponding to the output dimension.

Return type:

Tuple[Tensor, int]

botorch.models.utils.assorted.check_no_nans(Z)[source]

Check that tensor does not contain NaN values.

Raises an InputDataError if Z contains NaN values.

Parameters:

Z (Tensor) – The input tensor.

Return type:

None

botorch.models.utils.assorted.check_min_max_scaling(X, strict=False, atol=0.01, raise_on_fail=False, ignore_dims=None)[source]

Check that tensor is normalized to the unit cube.

Parameters:
• X (Tensor) – A batch_shape x n x d input tensor. Typically the training inputs of a model.

• strict (bool) – If True, require X to be scaled to the unit cube (rather than just to be contained within the unit cube).

• atol (float) – The tolerance for the boundary check. Only used if strict=True.

• raise_on_fail (bool) – If True, raise an exception instead of a warning.

• ignore_dims (Optional[List[int]]) – Subset of dimensions where the min-max scaling check is omitted.

Return type:

None

botorch.models.utils.assorted.check_standardization(Y, atol_mean=0.01, atol_std=0.01, raise_on_fail=False)[source]

Check that tensor is standardized (zero mean, unit variance).

Parameters:
• Y (Tensor) – The input tensor of shape batch_shape x n x m. Typically the train targets of a model. Standardization is checked across the n-dimension.

• atol_mean (float) – The tolerance for the mean check.

• atol_std (float) – The tolerance for the std check.

• raise_on_fail (bool) – If True, raise an exception instead of a warning.

Return type:

None

botorch.models.utils.assorted.validate_input_scaling(train_X, train_Y, train_Yvar=None, raise_on_fail=False, ignore_X_dims=None)[source]

Helper function to validate input data to models.

Parameters:
• train_X (Tensor) – A n x d or batch_shape x n x d (batch mode) tensor of training features.

• train_Y (Tensor) – A n x m or batch_shape x n x m (batch mode) tensor of training observations.

• train_Yvar (Optional[Tensor]) – A batch_shape x n x m or batch_shape x n x m (batch mode) tensor of observed measurement noise.

• raise_on_fail (bool) – If True, raise an error instead of emitting a warning (only for normalization/standardization checks, an error is always raised if NaN values are present).

• ignore_X_dims (Optional[List[int]]) – For this subset of dimensions from {1, …, d}, ignore the min-max scaling check.

Return type:

None

This function is typically called inside the constructor of standard BoTorch models. It validates the following: (i) none of the inputs contain NaN values (ii) the training data (train_X) is normalized to the unit cube for all dimensions except those in ignore_X_dims. (iii) the training targets (train_Y) are standardized (zero mean, unit var) No checks (other than the NaN check) are performed for observed variances (train_Yvar) at this point.

botorch.models.utils.assorted.mod_batch_shape(module, names, b)[source]

Recursive helper to modify gpytorch modules’ batch shape attribute.

Modifies the module in-place.

Parameters:
• module (Module) – The module to be modified.

• names (List[str]) – The list of names to access the attribute. If the full name of the module is “module.sub_module.leaf_module”, this will be [“sub_module”, “leaf_module”].

• b (int) – The new size of the last element of the module’s batch_shape attribute.

Return type:

None

botorch.models.utils.assorted.gpt_posterior_settings()[source]

Context manager for settings used for computing model posteriors.

class botorch.models.utils.assorted.fantasize(state=True)[source]

Bases: _Flag

A flag denoting whether we are currently in a fantasize context.

Parameters:

state (bool) –