Source code for botorch.models.pairwise_gp

#!/usr/bin/env python3
# Copyright (c) Facebook, Inc. and its affiliates.
#
# This source code is licensed under the MIT license found in the
# LICENSE file in the root directory of this source tree.

r"""
Preference Learning with Gaussian Process

.. [Chu2005preference]
    Wei Chu, and Zoubin Ghahramani. Preference learning with Gaussian processes.
    Proceedings of the 22nd international conference on Machine learning. 2005.

.. [Brochu2010tutorial]
    Eric Brochu, Vlad M. Cora, and Nando De Freitas.
    A tutorial on Bayesian optimization of expensive cost functions,
    with application to active user modeling and hierarchical reinforcement learning.
    arXiv preprint arXiv:1012.2599 (2010).
"""

from __future__ import annotations

import math
import warnings
from copy import deepcopy
from typing import Any, List, Optional, Tuple, Union

import numpy as np
import torch
from gpytorch import settings
from gpytorch.constraints import GreaterThan, Positive
from gpytorch.distributions.multivariate_normal import MultivariateNormal
from gpytorch.kernels.rbf_kernel import RBFKernel
from gpytorch.lazy.added_diag_lazy_tensor import AddedDiagLazyTensor
from gpytorch.lazy.lazy_tensor import LazyTensor
from gpytorch.likelihoods.noise_models import HomoskedasticNoise
from gpytorch.means.constant_mean import ConstantMean
from gpytorch.mlls import MarginalLogLikelihood
from gpytorch.models.gp import GP
from gpytorch.module import Module
from gpytorch.priors.smoothed_box_prior import SmoothedBoxPrior
from gpytorch.priors.torch_priors import GammaPrior
from gpytorch.utils.cholesky import psd_safe_cholesky
from scipy import optimize
from torch import Tensor, float32, float64

from ..posteriors.gpytorch import GPyTorchPosterior
from ..posteriors.posterior import Posterior
from .model import Model


[docs]class PairwiseGP(Model, GP): r""" Probit GP for preference learning with Laplace approximation Implementation is based on [Chu2005preference]_. Also see [Brochu2010tutorial]_ for additional reference. """ def __init__( self, datapoints: Tensor, comparisons: Tensor, covar_module: Optional[Module] = None, **kwargs, ) -> None: super().__init__() r"""A probit-likelihood GP with Laplace approximation model. A probit-likelihood GP with Laplace approximation model that learns via pairwise comparison data. By default it uses a scaled-RBF kernel. Args: datapoints: A `batch_shape x n x d` tensor of training features. comparisons: A `batch_shape x m x 2` training comparisons; comparisons[i] is a noisy indicator suggesting the utility value of comparisons[i, 0]-th is greater than comparisons[i, 1]-th. covar_module: Covariance module """ # Compatibility variables with fit_gpytorch_*: Dummy likelihood # Likelihood is tightly tied with this model and # it doesn't make much sense to keep it separate self.likelihood = None self.datapoints = None self.comparisons = None self.train_inputs = [] self.train_targets = None self.pred_cov_fac_need_update = True self._input_batch_shape = torch.Size() self.dim = None self.tkwargs = {} # See set_train_data for additional compatibility variables self.set_train_data(datapoints, comparisons, update_model=False) self.covar = None self.covar_inv = None self.covar_chol = None self.likelihood_hess = None self.utility = None self.hlcov_eye = None self._std_norm = torch.distributions.normal.Normal( torch.zeros(1, **self.tkwargs), torch.ones(1, **self.tkwargs) ) # Set optional parameters # jitter to add for numerical stability self._jitter = kwargs.get("jitter", 1e-6) # Clamping z lim for better numerical stability. See self._calc_z for detail # norm_cdf(z=3) ~= 0.999, top 0.1% percent self._zlim = kwargs.get("zlim", 3) # Stopping creteria in scipy.optimize.fsolve used to find f_map in _update() # If None, set to 1e-6 by default in _update self._xtol = kwargs.get("xtol") # The maximum number of calls to the function in scipy.optimize.fsolve # If None, set to 100 by default in _update # If zero, then 100*(N+1) is used by default by fsolve; self._maxfev = kwargs.get("maxfev") # Set hyperparameters # Do not set the batch_shape explicitly so mean_module can operate in both mode # once fsolve used in _update can run in batch mode, we should explicitly set # the bacth shape here self.mean_module = ConstantMean() # Do not optimize constant mean prior for param in self.mean_module.parameters(): param.requires_grad = False self.noise_covar = HomoskedasticNoise( noise_prior=SmoothedBoxPrior(-5, 5, 0.5, transform=torch.log), noise_constraint=GreaterThan(1e-4), # if None, 1e-4 by default batch_shape=self._input_batch_shape, ) if covar_module is None: ls_prior = GammaPrior(1.2, 0.5) ls_prior_mode = (ls_prior.concentration - 1) / ls_prior.rate self.covar_module = RBFKernel( batch_shape=self._input_batch_shape, ard_num_dims=self.dim, lengthscale_prior=ls_prior, lengthscale_constraint=Positive( transform=None, initial_value=ls_prior_mode ), ) else: self.covar_module = covar_module self._x0 = None # will store temporary results for warm-starting if self.datapoints is not None and self.comparisons is not None: self._update() # Find f_map for initial parameters self.to(self.datapoints) def __deepcopy__(self, memo) -> PairwiseGP: attrs = ( "datapoints", "comparisons", "covar", "covar_inv", "covar_chol", "likelihood_hess", "utility", "hlcov_eye", ) if any(getattr(self, attr) is not None for attr in attrs): # Temporarily remove non-leaf tensors so that pytorch allows deepcopy old_attr = {} for attr in attrs: old_attr[attr] = getattr(self, attr) setattr(self, attr, None) new_model = deepcopy(self, memo) # now set things back for attr in attrs: setattr(self, attr, old_attr[attr]) return new_model else: dcp = self.__deepcopy__ # make sure we don't fall into the infinite recursive loop self.__deepcopy__ = None new_model = deepcopy(self, memo) self.__deepcopy__ = dcp return new_model @property def std_noise(self) -> Tensor: return self.noise_covar.noise @std_noise.setter def std_noise(self, value: Tensor) -> None: self.noise_covar.initialize(noise=value) @property def num_outputs(self) -> int: r"""The number of outputs of the model.""" return self._num_outputs def _has_no_data(self): r"""Return true if the model does not have both datapoints and comparisons""" return ( self.datapoints is None or len(self.datapoints.size()) == 0 or self.comparisons is None ) def _calc_covar( self, X1: Tensor, X2: Tensor, observation_noise: bool = False ) -> Union[Tensor, LazyTensor]: r"""Calculate the covariance matrix given two sets of datapoints""" X1, X2 = X1, X2 covar = self.covar_module(X1, X2) if observation_noise: noise_shape = self._input_batch_shape + self.covar.shape[-1:] noise = self.noise_covar(shape=noise_shape) covar = AddedDiagLazyTensor(covar, noise) return covar.evaluate() def _batch_chol_inv(self, mat_chol: Tensor) -> Tensor: r"""Wrapper to perform (batched) cholesky inverse""" # TODO: get rid of this once cholesky_inverse supports batch mode batch_eye = torch.eye(mat_chol.shape[-1], **self.tkwargs) if len(mat_chol.shape) == 2: mat_inv = torch.cholesky_inverse(mat_chol) elif len(mat_chol.shape) > 2 and (mat_chol.shape[-1] == mat_chol.shape[-2]): batch_eye = batch_eye.repeat(*(mat_chol.shape[:-2]), 1, 1) chol_inv = torch.triangular_solve(batch_eye, mat_chol, upper=False).solution mat_inv = chol_inv.transpose(-1, -2) @ chol_inv return mat_inv def _update_covar(self) -> None: r"""Update values derived from the data and hyperparameters covar, covar_chol, and covar_inv will be of shape batch_shape x n x n """ self.covar = self._calc_covar(self.datapoints, self.datapoints) self.covar_chol = psd_safe_cholesky(self.covar) self.covar_inv = self._batch_chol_inv(self.covar_chol) def _prior_mean(self, X: Tensor) -> Union[Tensor, LazyTensor]: r"""Return point prediction using prior only Args: X: A `batch_size x n' x d`-dim Tensor at which to evaluate prior Returns: Prior mean prediction """ return self.mean_module(X) def _prior_predict(self, X: Tensor) -> Tuple[Tensor, Tensor]: r"""Predict utility based on prior info only Args: X: A `batch_size x n' x d`-dim Tensor at which to evaluate prior Returns: pred_mean: predictive mean pred_covar: predictive covariance """ pred_mean = self._prior_mean(X) pred_covar = self._calc_covar(X, X) return pred_mean, pred_covar def _add_jitter(self, X: Tensor) -> Tensor: jitter_prev = 0 Eye = torch.eye(X.size(-1)).expand(X.shape) for i in range(3): jitter_new = self._jitter * (10 ** i) X = X + (jitter_new - jitter_prev) * Eye jitter_prev = jitter_new # This may be VERY slow given upstream pytorch issue: # https://github.com/pytorch/pytorch/issues/34272 try: _ = torch.cholesky(X) warnings.warn( "X is not a p.d. matrix; " f"Added jitter of {jitter_new:.2e} to the diagonal", RuntimeWarning, ) return X except RuntimeError: continue warnings.warn( f"Failed to render X p.d. after adding {jitter_new:.2e} jitter", RuntimeWarning, ) return X def _calc_z( self, utility: Tensor, D: Tensor, std_noise: Tensor ) -> Tuple[Tensor, Tensor, Tensor, Tensor]: r"""Calculate z score. Calculate z score as in [Chu2005preference]_: the standarized difference Args: utility: A Tensor of shape `batch_size x n`, the utility at MAP point D: as in self.D std_noise: comparison noise (as a Tensor since it's a pytorch param) Returns: z: z score calculated as in [Chu2005preference]_. z_logpdf: log PDF of z z_logcdf: log CDF of z hazard: hazard function defined as pdf(z)/cdf(z) """ scaled_util = (utility / (math.sqrt(2) * std_noise)).unsqueeze(-1) z = (D @ scaled_util).squeeze(-1) # Clamp z for stable log transformation. This also prevent extreme values # from appearing in the hess matrix, which should help with numerical # stability and avoid extreme fitted hyperparameters z = z.clamp(-self._zlim, self._zlim) z_logpdf = self._std_norm.log_prob(z) z_cdf = self._std_norm.cdf(z) z_logcdf = torch.log(z_cdf) hazard = torch.exp(z_logpdf - z_logcdf) return z, z_logpdf, z_logcdf, hazard def _grad_likelihood_f_sum( self, utility: Tensor, D: Tensor, std_noise: Tensor ) -> Tensor: r"""Compute the sum over of grad. of negative Log-LH wrt utility f. Original grad should be of dimension m x n, as in (6) from [Chu2005preference]_. Sum over the first dimension and return a tensor of shape n Needed for calculating utility value at f_map to fill in torch gradient Args: utility: A Tensor of shape `batch_size x n` D: A Tensor of shape `batch_size x m x n` as in self.D std_noise: A Tensor of shape `batch_size x 1`, as in self.std_noise Returns: The sum over the first dimension of grad. of negative Log-LH wrt utility f """ _, _, _, h = self._calc_z(utility, D, std_noise) h_factor = (h / (math.sqrt(2) * std_noise)).unsqueeze(-2) grad = (h_factor @ (-D)).squeeze(-2) return grad def _hess_likelihood_f_sum( self, utility: Tensor, D: Tensor, DT: Tensor, std_noise: Tensor ) -> Tensor: r"""Compute the sum over of hessian of neg. Log-LH wrt utility f. Original hess should be of dimension m x n x n, as in (7) from [Chu2005preference]_ Sum over the first dimension and return a tensor of shape n x n. Args: utility: A Tensor of shape `batch_size x n` D: A Tensor of shape `batch_size x m x n` as in self.D DT: Transpose of D. A Tensor of shape `batch_size x n x m` as in self.DT std_noise: A Tensor of shape `batch_size x 1`, as in self.std_noise Returns: The sum over the first dimension of hess. of negative Log-LH wrt utility f """ z, _, _, h = self._calc_z(utility, D, std_noise) mul_factor = h * (h + z) / (2 * (std_noise ** 2)) weighted_DT = DT * mul_factor.unsqueeze(-2).expand(*DT.size()) hess = weighted_DT @ D return hess def _grad_posterior_f( self, utility: Union[Tensor, np.ndarray], datapoints: Tensor, D: Tensor, DT: Tensor, std_noise: Tensor, covar_chol: Tensor, covar_inv: Tensor, ret_np: bool = False, ) -> Union[Tensor, np.ndarray]: r""" Compute the gradient of S loss wrt to f/utility in [Chu2005preference]_. For finding f_map, which is negative of the log posterior, i.e., -log(p(f|D)) Derivative of (10) in [Chu2005preference]_. Also see [Brochu2010tutorial]_ page 26. This is needed for estimating f_map. Args: utility: A Tensor of shape `batch_size x n` datapoints: A Tensor of shape `batch_size x n x d` as in self.datapoints D: A Tensor of shape `batch_size x m x n` as in self.D DT: Transpose of D. A Tensor of shape `batch_size x n x m` as in self.DT std_noise: A Tensor of shape `batch_size x 1`, as in self.std_noise covar_chol: A Tensor of shape `batch_size x n x n`, as in self.covar_chol covar_inv: A Tensor of shape `batch_size x n x n`, as in self.covar_inv ret_np: return a numpy array if true, otherwise a Tensor """ if ret_np: utility = torch.tensor(utility, **self.tkwargs) b = self._grad_likelihood_f_sum(utility, D, std_noise) # g_ = covar_inv x (utility - pred_prior) p = (utility - self._prior_mean(datapoints)).unsqueeze(-1) g_ = torch.cholesky_solve(p, covar_chol).squeeze(-1) g = g_ + b if ret_np: return g.numpy() else: return g def _hess_posterior_f( self, utility: Union[Tensor, np.ndarray], datapoints: Tensor, D: Tensor, DT: Tensor, std_noise: Tensor, covar_chol: Tensor, covar_inv: Tensor, ret_np: bool = False, ) -> Union[Tensor, np.ndarray]: r"""Compute the hessian of S loss wrt utility for finding f_map. which is negative of the log posterior, i.e., -log(p(f|D)) Following [Chu2005preference]_ section 2.2.1. This is needed for estimating f_map Args: utility: A Tensor of shape `batch_size x n` datapoints: A Tensor of shape `batch_size x n x d` as in self.datapoints D: A Tensor of shape `batch_size x m x n` as in self.D DT: Transpose of D. A Tensor of shape `batch_size x n x m` as in self.DT std_noise: A Tensor of shape `batch_size x 1`, as in self.std_noise covar_chol: A Tensor of shape `batch_size x n x n`, as in self.covar_chol covar_inv: A Tensor of shape `batch_size x n x n`, as in self.covar_inv ret_np: return a numpy array if true, otherwise a Tensor """ if ret_np: utility = torch.tensor(utility, **self.tkwargs) hl = self._hess_likelihood_f_sum(utility, D, DT, std_noise) hess = hl + covar_inv return hess.numpy() if ret_np else hess def _posterior_f(self, utility: Union[Tensor, np.ndarray]) -> Tensor: r"""Calculate the negative of the log posterior, i.e., -log(P(f|D)). This is the S loss function as in equation (10) of [Chu2005preference]_. Args: utility: A Tensor of shape `batch_size x n` """ _, _, z_logcdf, _ = self._calc_z(utility, self.D, self.std_noise) loss1 = -(torch.sum(z_logcdf, dim=-1)) inv_prod = torch.cholesky_solve(utility.unsqueeze(-1), self.covar_chol) loss2 = 0.5 * (utility.unsqueeze(-2) @ inv_prod).squeeze(-1).squeeze(-1) loss = loss1 + loss2 loss = loss.clamp(min=0) return loss def _update_utility_derived_values(self) -> None: r"""Calculate utility-derived values not needed during optimization Using subsitution method for better numerical stability Let `pred_cov_fac = (covar + hl^-1)`, which is needed for calculate predictive covariance = `K - k.T @ pred_cov_fac^-1 @ k` (Also see posterior mode in `forward`) Instead of inverting `pred_cov_fac`, let `hlcov_eye = (hl @ covar + I)` Then we can obtain `pred_cov_fac^-1 @ k` by solving for p in `(hl @ k) p = hlcov_eye` `hlcov_eye p = hl @ k` """ hl = self.likelihood_hess # "C" from page 27, [Brochu2010tutorial]_ hlcov = hl @ self.covar eye = torch.eye(hlcov.size(-1)).expand(hlcov.shape) self.hlcov_eye = hlcov + eye self.pred_cov_fac_need_update = False def _update(self, **kwargs) -> None: r"""Update the model by updating the covar matrix and MAP utility values Update the model by 1. Re-evaluating the covar matrix as the data or hyperparams may have changed 2. Approximating maximum a posteriori of the utility function f using fsolve Should be called after data or hyperparameters are changed to update f_map and related values self._xtol and self._maxfev are passed to fsolve as xtol and maxfev to control stopping criteria """ xtol = 1e-6 if self._xtol is None else self._xtol maxfev = 100 if self._maxfev is None else self._maxfev # Using the latest param for covariance before calculating f_map self._update_covar() # scipy newton raphson with torch.no_grad(): # warm start init_x0_size = self._input_batch_shape + torch.Size([self.n]) if self._x0 is None or torch.Size(self._x0.shape) != init_x0_size: x0 = np.random.rand(*init_x0_size) else: x0 = self._x0 if len(self._input_batch_shape) > 0: # batch mode, do optimize.fsolve sequentially # TODO: enable vectorization/parallelization here x0 = x0.reshape(-1, self.n) dp_v = self.datapoints.view(-1, self.n, self.dim) D_v = self.D.view(-1, self.m, self.n) DT_v = self.DT.view(-1, self.n, self.m) # Use `expand` here since we need to expand std_noise along # the batch shape dimensions if we start off as non-batch model, # but later conditioned on batched new data sn_v = self.std_noise.expand(*init_x0_size[:-1], 1).reshape(-1) ch_v = self.covar_chol.view(-1, self.n, self.n) ci_v = self.covar_inv.view(-1, self.n, self.n) x = np.empty(x0.shape) for i in range(x0.shape[0]): fsolve_args = ( dp_v[i], D_v[i], DT_v[i], sn_v[i], ch_v[i], ci_v[i], True, ) with warnings.catch_warnings(): warnings.filterwarnings("ignore", category=RuntimeWarning) x[i] = optimize.fsolve( x0=x0[i], func=self._grad_posterior_f, fprime=self._hess_posterior_f, xtol=xtol, maxfev=maxfev, args=fsolve_args, **kwargs, ) x = x.reshape(*init_x0_size) else: fsolve_args = ( self.datapoints, self.D, self.DT, self.std_noise, self.covar_chol, self.covar_inv, True, ) with warnings.catch_warnings(): warnings.filterwarnings("ignore", category=RuntimeWarning) x = optimize.fsolve( x0=x0, func=self._grad_posterior_f, fprime=self._hess_posterior_f, xtol=xtol, maxfev=maxfev, args=fsolve_args, **kwargs, ) self._x0 = x.copy() # save for warm-starting f = torch.tensor(x, **self.tkwargs) # To perform hyperparameter optimization, this need to be recalculated # when calling forward() in order to obtain correct gradients # self.likelihood_hess is updated here is for the rare case where we # do not want to call forward() self.likelihood_hess = self._hess_likelihood_f_sum( f, self.D, self.DT, self.std_noise ) # Lazy update utility pred_cov_fac self.pred_cov_fac_need_update = True self.utility = f.clone().requires_grad_(True) def _transform_batch_shape(self, X: Tensor, X_new: Tensor) -> Tuple[Tensor, Tensor]: r"""Transform X and X_new into the same shape Transform the batch shape of X to be compatible with `X_new` to calculate the posterior. If X has the same batch size as `X_new`, return it as is. If one is in batch mode and the other one is not, convert both into batch mode. If both are in batch mode, this will only work if X_batch_shape can propagate to X_new_batch_shape Args: X: A `batch_shape x q x d`-dim or `(1 x) q x d`-dim Tensor X_new: A `batch_shape x q x d`-dim Tensor Returns: Transformed X and X_new pair """ X_bs = X.shape[:-2] # X batch shape X_new_bs = X_new.shape[:-2] # X_new batch shape if X_new_bs == X_bs: # if batch shapes match, there's no need to transform # X_new may or may not have batch_shape dimensions return X, X_new elif len(X_new_bs) < len(X_bs): # if X_new has fewer dimension, try to expand it to X's shape return X, X_new.expand(X_bs + X_new.shape[-2:]) else: # if X has fewer dimension, try to expand it to X_new's shape return X.expand(X_new_bs + X.shape[-2:]), X_new def _util_newton_updates(self, x0, max_iter=100, xtol=None) -> Tensor: r"""Make `max_iter` newton updates on utility. This is used in `forward` to calculate and fill in gradient into tensors. Instead of doing utility -= H^-1 @ g, use substition method. See more explanation in _update_utility_derived_values. Args: x0: A `batch_size x n` dimension tensor, initial values max_iter: Max number of iterations xtol: Stop creteria. If `None`, do not stop until finishing `max_iter` updates """ xtol = float("-Inf") if xtol is None else xtol dp, D, DT, sn, ch, ci = ( self.datapoints, self.D, self.DT, self.std_noise, self.covar_chol, self.covar_inv, ) covar = self.covar diff = float("Inf") i = 0 x = x0 eye = None while i < max_iter and diff > xtol: hl = self._hess_likelihood_f_sum(x, D, DT, sn) cov_hl = covar @ hl if eye is None: eye = torch.eye(cov_hl.size(-1)).expand(cov_hl.shape) cov_hl = cov_hl + eye # add 1 to cov_hl g = self._grad_posterior_f(x, dp, D, DT, sn, ch, ci) cov_g = covar @ g.unsqueeze(-1) x_update = torch.solve(cov_g, cov_hl).solution.squeeze(-1) x_next = x - x_update diff = torch.norm(x - x_next) x = x_next i += 1 return x # ============== public APIs ==============
[docs] def set_train_data( self, datapoints: Tensor, comparisons: Tensor, update_model: bool = True ) -> None: r"""Set datapoints and comparisons and update model properties if needed Args: datapoints: A `batch_shape x n x d` dimension tensor X comparisons: A tensor of size `batch_shape x m x 2`. (i, j) means f_i is preferred over f_j update_model: True if we want to refit the model (see _update) after re-setting the data """ # When datapoints and/or comparisons are None, we are constructing # a prior-only model if datapoints is None or comparisons is None: return # store datapoints and other quantities as double for better numerical stability self.datapoints = datapoints # convert to long so that it can be used as index and work with Tensor.scatter_ self.comparisons = comparisons.long() self.tkwargs = { "dtype": self.datapoints.dtype, "device": self.datapoints.device, } self._std_norm = torch.distributions.normal.Normal( torch.zeros(1, **self.tkwargs), torch.ones(1, **self.tkwargs) ) # Compatibility variables with fit_gpytorch_* # alias for datapoints (train_inputs) and comparisons ("train_targets" here) self.train_inputs = [self.datapoints] self.train_targets = self.comparisons # Compatibility variables with optimize_acqf self._dtype = self.datapoints.dtype self._num_outputs = 1 # 1 latent value output per observation self._input_batch_shape = self.datapoints.shape[:-2] self.dim = self.datapoints.shape[-1] # feature dimensions self.n = self.datapoints.shape[-2] # num datapoints self.m = self.comparisons.shape[-2] # num pairwise comparisons self.utility = None # D is batch_sizem x n or num_comparison x num_datapoints. # D_k_i is the s_k(x_i) value as in equation (6) in [Chu2005preference]_ # D will usually be very sparse as well # TODO swap out scatter_ so that comparisons could be int instead of long # TODO: make D a sparse matrix once pytorch has better support for # sparse tensors D_size = torch.Size((*(self._input_batch_shape), self.m, self.n)) self.D = torch.zeros(D_size, **self.tkwargs) comp_view = self.comparisons.view(-1, self.m, 2).long() for i, sub_D in enumerate(self.D.view(-1, self.m, self.n)): sub_D.scatter_(1, comp_view[i, :, [0]], 1) sub_D.scatter_(1, comp_view[i, :, [1]], -1) self.DT = self.D.transpose(-1, -2) if update_model: self._update() self.to(self.datapoints)
[docs] def forward(self, datapoints: Tensor) -> MultivariateNormal: r"""Calculate a posterior or prior prediction. During training mode, forward implemented solely for gradient-based hyperparam opt. Essentially what it does is to re-calculate the utility f using its analytical form at f_map so that we are able to obtain gradients of the hyperparameters. We only take in one parameter datapoints without the comparisons for the compatibility with other gpytorch/botorch APIs. It assumes `datapoints` is the same as `self.datapoints`. That's what "Must train on training data" means. Args: datapoints: A `batch_shape x n x d` Tensor, should be the same as self.datapoints Returns: A MultivariateNormal object, being one of the followings: 1. Posterior centered at MAP points for training data (training mode) 2. Prior predictions (prior mode) 3. Predictive posterior (eval mode) """ # Training mode: optimizing if self.training: if self._has_no_data(): raise RuntimeError( "datapoints and comparisons cannot be None in training mode. " "Call .eval() for prior predictions, " "or call .set_train_data() to add training data." ) if datapoints is not self.datapoints: raise RuntimeError("Must train on training data") self.set_train_data(datapoints, self.comparisons, update_model=True) # Take a newton step on the posterior MAP point to fill # in gradients for pytorch self.utility = self._util_newton_updates(self.utility, max_iter=1) hl = self.likelihood_hess = self._hess_likelihood_f_sum( self.utility, self.D, self.DT, self.std_noise ) covar = self.covar # Apply matrix inversion lemma on eq. in page 27 of [Brochu2010tutorial]_ # (A + B)^-1 = A^-1 - A^-1 @ (I + BA^-1)^-1 @ BA^-1 # where A = covar_inv, B = hl hl_cov = hl @ covar eye = torch.eye(hl_cov.size(-1)).expand(hl_cov.shape) hl_cov_I = hl_cov + eye # add I to hl_cov train_covar_map = covar - covar @ torch.solve(hl_cov, hl_cov_I).solution output_mean, output_covar = self.utility, train_covar_map # Prior mode elif settings.prior_mode.on() or self._has_no_data(): X_new = datapoints # if we don't have any data yet, use prior GP to make predictions output_mean, output_covar = self._prior_predict(X_new) # Posterior mode else: # self.utility might be None if exception was raised and _update # was failed to be called during hyperparameter optimization # procedures (e.g., fit_gpytorch_scipy) if self.utility is None: self._update() if self.pred_cov_fac_need_update: self._update_utility_derived_values() datapoints = datapoints.to(self.datapoints) X, X_new = self._transform_batch_shape(self.datapoints, datapoints) covar_chol, _ = self._transform_batch_shape(self.covar_chol, X_new) hl, _ = self._transform_batch_shape(self.likelihood_hess, X_new) hlcov_eye, _ = self._transform_batch_shape(self.hlcov_eye, X_new) # otherwise compute predictive mean and covariance covar_xnew_x = self._calc_covar(X_new, X) covar_x_xnew = covar_xnew_x.transpose(-1, -2) covar_xnew = self._calc_covar(X_new, X_new) p = self.utility - self._prior_mean(X) covar_inv_p = torch.cholesky_solve(p.unsqueeze(-1), covar_chol) pred_mean = (covar_xnew_x @ covar_inv_p).squeeze(-1) pred_mean = pred_mean + self._prior_mean(X_new) # [Brochu2010tutorial]_ page 27 # Preictive covariance fatcor: hlcov_eye = (K + C^-1) # fac = (K + C^-1)^-1 @ k = pred_cov_fac_inv @ covar_x_xnew # used substitution method here to calculate fac fac = torch.solve(hl @ covar_x_xnew, hlcov_eye).solution pred_covar = covar_xnew - (covar_xnew_x @ fac) output_mean, output_covar = pred_mean, pred_covar try: diag_jitter = torch.eye(output_covar.size(-1)).expand(output_covar.shape) diag_jitter = diag_jitter * self._jitter # Preemptively adding jitter to diagonal to prevent the use of _add_jitter # given that torch.cholesky may be very slow on non-pd matrix input # See https://github.com/pytorch/pytorch/issues/34272 # TODO: remove this once torch.cholesky issue is resolved output_covar = output_covar + diag_jitter post = MultivariateNormal(output_mean, output_covar) except RuntimeError: output_covar = self._add_jitter(output_covar) post = MultivariateNormal(output_mean, output_covar) return post
# ============== botorch.models.model.Model interfaces ==============
[docs] def posterior( self, X: Tensor, output_indices: Optional[List[int]] = None, observation_noise: bool = False, **kwargs: Any, ) -> Posterior: r"""Computes the posterior over model outputs at the provided points. Args: X: A `batch_shape x q x d`-dim Tensor, where `d` is the dimension of the feature space and `q` is the number of points considered jointly. output_indices: As defined in parent Model class, not used for this model. observation_noise: If True, add observation noise to the posterior. Returns: A `Posterior` object, representing joint distributions over `q` points. Includes observation noise if specified. """ self.eval() # make sure model is in eval mode if output_indices is not None: raise RuntimeError( "output_indices is not None. PairwiseGP should not be a" "multi-output model." ) post = self(X) if observation_noise: noise_covar = self.noise_covar(shape=post.mean.shape).evaluate() post = MultivariateNormal(post.mean, post.covariance_matrix + noise_covar) return GPyTorchPosterior(post)
[docs] def condition_on_observations(self, X: Tensor, Y: Tensor, **kwargs: Any) -> Model: r"""Condition the model on new observations. Note that unlike other BoTorch models, PairwiseGP requires Y to be pairwise comparisons Args: X: A `batch_shape x n x d` dimension tensor X Y: A tensor of size `batch_shape x m x 2`. (i, j) means f_i is preferred over f_j Returns: A (deepcopied) `Model` object of the same type, representing the original model conditioned on the new observations `(X, Y)` (and possibly noise observations passed in via kwargs). """ new_model = deepcopy(self) if self._has_no_data(): # If the model previously has no data, set X and Y as the data directly new_model.set_train_data(X, Y, update_model=True) else: # Can only condition on pairwise comparisons instead of the directly # observed values. Raise a RuntimeError if Y is not a tensor presenting # pairwise comparisons if Y.dtype in (float32, float64) or Y.shape[-1] != 2: raise RuntimeError( "Conditioning on non-pairwise comparison observations." ) # Reshaping datapoints and comparisons by batches Y_new_batch_shape = Y.shape[:-2] new_datapoints = self.datapoints.expand( Y_new_batch_shape + self.datapoints.shape[-2:] ) new_comparisons = self.comparisons.expand( Y_new_batch_shape + self.comparisons.shape[-2:] ) # Reshape X since Y may have additional batch dim. from fantasy models X = X.expand(Y_new_batch_shape + X.shape[-2:]) new_datapoints = torch.cat((new_datapoints, X.to(new_datapoints)), dim=-2) shifted_comp = Y.to(new_comparisons) + self.n new_comparisons = torch.cat((new_comparisons, shifted_comp), dim=-2) # TODO: be smart about how we can update covar matrix here new_model.set_train_data(new_datapoints, new_comparisons, update_model=True) return new_model
[docs]class PairwiseLaplaceMarginalLogLikelihood(MarginalLogLikelihood): def __init__(self, model: PairwiseGP) -> None: r"""Laplace-approximated marginal log likelihood/evidence for PairwiseGP See (12) from [Chu2005preference]_. Args: model: A model using laplace approximation (currently only supports `PairwiseGP`) """ # Do not use likelihood module here as it's implicitly included in the model super().__init__(None, model)
[docs] def forward(self, post: Posterior, comp: Tensor) -> Tensor: r"""Calculate approximated log evidence, i.e., log(P(D|theta)) Args: post: training posterior distribution from self.model comp: Comparisons pairs, see PairwiseGP.__init__ for more details Returns: The approximated evidence, i.e., the marginal log likelihood """ model = self.model if comp is not model.comparisons: raise RuntimeError("Must train on training data") f_max = post.mean log_posterior = model._posterior_f(f_max) part1 = -log_posterior part2 = model.covar @ model.likelihood_hess eye = torch.eye(part2.size(-1)).expand(part2.shape) part2 = part2 + eye part2 = -0.5 * torch.logdet(part2) evidence = part1 + part2 # Sum up mll first so that when adding prior probs it won't # propagate and double count evidence = evidence.sum() # Add log probs of priors on the (functions of) parameters for _, prior, closure, _ in self.named_priors(): evidence = evidence.add(prior.log_prob(closure()).sum()) return evidence